tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-36897665408192220292024-02-20T10:54:35.971-08:00CATHARS boni homines bonnes hommes bonnes femmes good Christians<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/cat_har">click http://groups.yahoo.com/group/cat_har </a>
Yahoo group for CATHAR subjects, info, texts, practices, advice.parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.comBlogger69125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-61664561176101102862012-01-07T06:55:00.001-08:002012-01-07T06:55:46.277-08:00fake orthodox blogThe fake orthodox blog also needs special mention:<br /><br />Enclosing the picture of a collaborator of the blog:<br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br />Hay un blog que llama la atención por cómo manipula la información y adjetiva de falsos a personas sinceras que pertenecen o han pertenecido a la iglesia ortodoxa. Es el paladín de la pureza de la ortodoxia cuando el que conoce la historia bien sabemos cómo consiguieron algunos patriarcados su nombramiento, en especial el patriarcado ruso. Sin duda de trata de un tipo de esquizofrenia religiosa que sufren alguna personas que necesitamos que mirar con cierta conmiseración porque no tiene cura.<br /><br /> <br /><br />Esta persona se esconde bajo el nombre de “NIKOS NIMBRIOTIS” , pero hay un colaborador suyo de su blog, del Patriarcado Ruso, que puede padecer la misma enfermedad:<br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br />Padre Alexander Slezarev (Patriarcado de Moscú)<br /><br />Creador de la pagina rusa http://www.anti-raskol.ru/ y cooperador para este sitio<br /><br /> <br /><br />En este blog se señala que son los únicos:<br /><br /> <br /><br />FIELES ORTODOXOS QUE BUSCAN LA VERDAD<br /><br />http://www.gettoknowtheoriginal.net<br /><br />Si uno la lee, se da cuenta de la cantidad de imprecisiones religiosas que demuestran falta de formación religiosa y una mente ciertamente estrecha.parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-35988240426118644132012-01-07T06:54:00.000-08:002012-01-07T06:55:12.471-08:00Publicado por Rvdo. Francisco Javier Alonso en 16:14http://www.laluzdigital.com/index.php/gestor-de-noticias/noticias-iere/225-qde-la-ortodoxia-al-anglicanismoqparfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-61218206213318404082012-01-07T06:50:00.000-08:002012-01-07T06:54:19.754-08:00Padre Efren Fake and deceitful Priest:Publicado por Rvdo. Francisco Javier Alonso en 16:14http://anglicanosgallegos.blogspot.com/2010/12/nuestra-futura-parroquia-en-vigo.html<br /><br />Publicado por Rvdo. Francisco Javier Alonso en 16:14 <br /><br />This 'priest' is church hopping and changes from one church to another - in the process he collects certificates of theology and ordinations that he then abuses to enter another church.<br /><br />he never obtains excardination form his present church, and is therefore expelled or excommunicated when he enters yet another church without such a document.<br /><br />His Address:<br /><br />CAPILLA: c/ Bolivia, 34 - bajo. 36204 VIGO (Pontevedra) - ESPAÑA E-mail: anglicanosgallegos@gmail.com Tfno: +34609579209. Horario de Cultos: Domingos a las 19:00 h. Reparto de alimentos y ropa: Llamar al 609579209. (Somos una parroquia de la Iglesia Española Reformada Episcopal - Comunión Anglicana).parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-17515140476718445062011-04-19T22:54:00.001-07:002011-04-19T22:54:36.553-07:00http://www.benedictinesofheartsonghermitage.org/ BEWARE they're not members of any church and the leader is excommunicatedhttp://www.benedictinesofheartsonghermitage.org/<br /><br />Please beware of the individual who is HIDDEN behind this site -<br />she has been excommunicated, defrocked - she is NOT a priest - and has been anathematized. No bishop, priest, monastic, layperson should interact with her about religion.<br /><br /><br />She will work her way into a group or church, with religious leaders and when she got what she wished turn against them and persecute them.<br /><br />PLEASE be careful if she wishes to make contact with you - and do not be fooled by the Holier than Thou words on her site - http://www.benedictinesofheartsonghermitage.org/parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-31636454910341966752011-04-19T22:49:00.000-07:002011-04-19T22:53:57.437-07:00This woman Tracey aka Desert Amma etc etc is a Fraud:http://www.benedictinesofheartsonghermitage.org/http://www.benedictinesofheartsonghermitage.org/<br /><br />Please beware of the individual who is HIDDEN behind this site -<br />she has been excommunicated, defrocked - she is NOT a priest - and has been anathematized. No bishop, priest, monastic, layperson should interact with her about religion.<br /><br /><br />She will work her way into a group or church, with religious leaders and when she got what she wished turn against them and persecute them.<br /><br />PLEASE be careful if she wishes to make contact with you - and do not be fooled by the Holier than Thou words on her site - http://www.benedictinesofheartsonghermitage.org/parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-38202073145843475132009-11-03T00:47:00.001-08:002009-11-03T00:49:16.196-08:00<form action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" method="post"><br /><input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="_s-xclick"><br /><input type="hidden" name="hosted_button_id" value="9342314"><br /><input type="image" src="https://www.paypal.com/en_US/GB/i/btn/btn_donateCC_LG.gif" border="0" name="submit" alt="PayPal - The safer, easier way to pay online."><br /><img alt="" border="0" src="https://www.paypal.com/en_GB/i/scr/pixel.gif" width="1" height="1"><br /></form>parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-62226190897824507772009-11-03T00:47:00.000-08:002009-11-03T00:48:10.818-08:00<form action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" method="post"><br /><input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="_s-xclick"><br /><input type="hidden" name="hosted_button_id" value="9342314"><br /><input type="image" src="https://www.paypal.com/en_US/GB/i/btn/btn_donateCC_LG.gif" border="0" name="submit" alt="PayPal - The safer, easier way to pay online."><br /><img alt="" border="0" src="https://www.paypal.com/en_GB/i/scr/pixel.gif" width="1" height="1"><br /></form><br /><br /><br /><br />https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=9342314parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-9345054319842054482009-04-16T02:53:00.000-07:002009-04-16T02:56:12.387-07:00CATHARISMEBénissez, pardonnez<br />Publié par sartori.ruben<br /><br />Tels étaient les deux mots-clés des rituels cathares, ils étaient répétés inlassablement dans tous les actes liturgiques. Ces deux mots revêtaient donc pour les chrétiens dits « cathares » une importance fondamentale.<br />Ils renvoient tout simplement à la question de la grâce dans le christianisme, dont les deux effets visibles sont le pardon et la bénédiction, [...]<br />La morale cathare<br />Publié par Guilhem<br /><br />Elle est la fois la condition de vie matérielle en accord avec la doctrine et la condition de salut de l’esprit.<br />Elle ne s’applique qu’aux chrétiens consolés et les novices s’engagent à y souscrire totalement avant leur consolation.<br />Elle est permanente, sous réserve de modifications possibles selon les évolutions du savoir humain.<br />Je la résumerais en trois concepts [...]<br />Chair, Christ et école johannique<br />Publié par sartori.ruben<br /><br />Pour comprendre ce que signifie le mot chair dans les écrits johanniques, il faut partir de ce passage : « Moi, je suis le pain vivant descendu du ciel. Si quelqu’un mange de ce pain, il vivra éternellement, et le pain que je donnerai, c’est ma chair pour la vie du monde. Les juifs se [...]<br />Toute puissance et libre arbitre<br />Publié par sartori.ruben<br /><br />Voilà les deux grandes explications inventés par les théologiens judéo-chrétiens pour s’opposer à la distinction des principes des chrétiens, dits hérétiques.<br />Face à ces derniers, qui voyaient dans ce dieu créateur et régenteur du monde, ce juge législateur, cet auteur du mal comme du bien, l’exacte définition du diable ; ils durent avoir recours à des [...]<br />Les deux baptêmes<br />Publié par sartori.ruben<br /><br />Les textes évangéliques collationnés dans le recueil dit du « nouveau testament », font échos à deux rites baptismaux : un est une immersion dans de l’eau et l’autre une transmission de l’Esprit-Saint par l’imposition des mains.<br />La tradition judéo-chrétienne partagée par ces deux expressions, soit les confond dans un seul et même mouvement, soit les [...]<br />Création, monde et royaume des cieux dans les évangiles.<br />Publié par sartori.ruben<br /><br />Le judéo-christianisme en alliant la torah juive aux évangiles chrétiens, lit les seconds avec les lunettes du premier.<br />Quand il lit : « Au commencement Dieu créa le ciel et la terre » (Genèse 1 :1) et « Dieu créa l’homme à son image : Il le créa à l’image de Dieu, homme et femme il [...]<br />Prière cathare<br />Publié par Guilhem<br /><br />La prière de référence est le Notre Père mais, les cathares utilisaient d’autres prières.<br />En voici une qui est parvenue jusqu’à nous.<br />Père Saint, Dieu juste des bons esprits, toi qui jamais ne te trompes, ni ne mens, ni ne doutes — de peur d’éprouver la mort dans le monde du dieu étranger, puisque nous ne sommes [...]<br />Notre Père<br />Publié par Guilhem<br /><br />Voici la prière du christianisme authentique.<br />Ce texte est issu du rituel cathare tel qu’il nous fut transmis par les textes de Lyon (occitan), de Florence (latin) et de Dublin (occitan).<br />Le texte est en latin qui était souvent utilisé pour les actes cérémoniels même si l’occitan restait la référence pour les prêches.<br />La glose du Pater ci-dessous [...]<br />La vraie nature du Christ<br />Publié par sartori.ruben<br /><br />Le docétisme cathare ou la question de la nature du Christ<br />Le docétisme, du Grec sembler/paraître, est une expression judéo-chrétienne qui stigmatise l’idée que le Christ ne fut pas un homme, mais seulement une apparence d’homme.<br />La controverse sur la nature du Christ est aussi vielle que le christianisme lui-même. Celle-ci sera définitivement tranchée par l’Église affilié [...]parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-41743564225942293462009-04-16T02:52:00.000-07:002009-04-16T02:53:36.381-07:00Cathar lectures 15, 16, 17 May, 2009 MazametColloque de Mazamet (2009)<br />Publié le 17 février, 2009 dans Manifestations par Guilhem<br /><br />Voici l’affiche du colloque de Mazamet qui se tiendra les 15, 16 et 17 mai 2009 à Mazamet.<br /><br />La qualité de ce colloque historique est connue de tous ceux qui s’intéressent à cette période et est un complément de qualité pour ceux qui s’intéressent à la religion cathare.programme<br /><br />Cliquez sur le bonhomme pour récupérer le document d’information.<br /><br />bonhomme<br /><br />Les repas proposés dans le cadre du colloque sont accessibles aux végétariens.<br />Par souci d’aide à l’organisation, je suggère aux personnes qui s’inscrivent de préciser leur préférence végétarienne si c’est le cas.parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-57244901826312557222009-04-16T02:47:00.000-07:002009-04-16T02:52:12.777-07:00CATHAR CONFERENCE 29 may - 1st June, 2009PREMIÈRE RENCONTRE DE LA DIVERSITÉ CATHARE<br />Al cap de sèt cents ans verdeja lo laurièr<br />Pentecôte 2009<br /><br />ROQUEFIXADE (Ariège - France)<br /><br />Samedi 30 et dimanche 31 mai 2009<br />Salle de réception de la mairie – Place du village<br />Réseau : www.chemins-cathares.eu<br />Ouvert à tous, librement.<br /><br />Les participants s’assurent eux-mêmes de leur gîte et de leur couvert.<br />Pour les hébergements à Roquefixade voir www.roquefixade.fr<br />Le Gîte d’étape de Roquefixade fournit repas et sandwiches lors des pauses et pour les agapes.<br />Il peut également assurer le transport entre la gare de Foix et Roquefixade pour ses hôtes<br /><br />Dernière minute : informations importantes en vue de votre organisation pour cette journée.<br /><br />PROGRAMME<br />AVANT LA RENCONTRE - Vendredi 29 mai<br />- 17h15 - 19h15 : Théâtre du silence (méditation)<br />La clairière, 30 mn à pied x 2<br />Rendez-vous sur la place du village.<br />- 20h00 - 22h00 : Agapes prises en commun au village (Gîte d’étape)<br />LA RENCONTRE - Samedi 30 mai<br />- 10h00 - 11h00 : Accueil<br />- 11h00 - 11h20 : Présentation de la Rencontre par Éric Delmas<br />- 11h20 - 11h50 : Intervention du professeur Lluis Sala-Molins,<br />philosophe, invité d’honneur de la Rencontre<br />Dernier livre paru : « Le livre rouge de Yahvé »<br />- 11h50 - 12h00 : Pause<br />- 12h00 - 12h30 : Discours d’ouverture de Yves Maris,<br />docteur en philosophie, diplômé de l’École<br />supérieure de commerce de Toulouse.<br />Dernier livre paru :<br />« La résurgence cathare – Le manifeste »<br />- 12h30 - 14h30 : Libre<br />- 14h30 - 15h00 : Interventions de Bertran de la Farge,<br />Docteur-Ingénieur en Biotechnologie.<br />Dernier livre paru : « Lumières cathares »<br />- 15h00 - 15h10 : Pause<br />- 15h10 - 16h40 : Table ronde :<br />Quels fondements pour la pensée cathare d’aujourd’hui ?<br />(Vision de monde, Origine du christianisme, Société.) <br />Deux rapporteurs choisis par l’assemblée.<br />- 16h40 - 17h30 : Libre – Dédicace des livres<br />- 17h30 - 19h00 : Table ronde :<br />Quelle praxis pour les cathares d’aujourd’hui ?<br />(Non-violence, Simplicité, Altruisme.)<br />Deux rapporteurs choisis par l’assemblée.<br />- 19h00 - 20h00 : Libre<br />- 20h00 - 21h30 : Agapes prises en commun au village (Gîte d’étape)<br />- 21h30 - 22h30 : Évocation du catharisme médiéval<br />Diaporama « Entre ciel et terre », de Stéphane Avenel<br />(Le réalisateur indépendant demandera<br />une participation de 4 euros à chaque spectateur.)<br />LA RENCONTRE - Dimanche 31 mai<br />- 08h30 - 10h15 : Théâtre du silence (méditation)<br />Pech de Roquefixade, 15 mn à pied x 2<br />Rendez-vous sur la place du village.<br />- 10h15 - 11h00 : Libre<br />- 11h00 - 12h30 : Forum : Etre cathare aujourd’hui.<br />Introduit par Roberto Berretta, conférencier<br />Dernier livre paru :<br />« Un cathare du 3e millénaire »<br />Modérateur : Eric Delmas<br />- 12h30 - 14h30 : Libre<br />- 14h30 - 15h00 : Synthèse de Bertran de la Farge<br />- 15h00 - 15h30 : Discours de clôture de Yves Maris<br />- 15h30 - 16h00 : Dédicace des livres - Rencontres<br />APRES LA RENCONTRE - Lundi 01 juin<br />- 10h30 - 14h45 : Théâtre du silence (méditation)<br />La clairière, 30 mn à pied x 2<br />Rendez-vous sur la place du village.<br />Agapes prises en commun dans la clairière.parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-54738081751526192602008-12-22T04:19:00.000-08:002008-12-22T04:22:14.591-08:00Falso 'padre' Ramon Couto, excomulgado Ex communion Coruna, Galicia, Espagne COMUNIDAD CATOLICA ORTODOXA SAN JUAN CRISOSTOMO DE A CORUÑA-<table id="texttable"><tbody><tr valign="top"><td class="almost_half_cell"><div style="text-align: left;" id="result_box" dir="ltr">Lunes, 22 de diciembre de 2008<br />Dr Ramón Couto, Padre Dámaso, FAKE sacerdote excomulgado lego<br />Cuidado con los lego Ramón Couto, que pretende ser un sacerdote ortodoxo y tiene una capilla y celebrar la liturgia ortodoxa en: Coruña, Galicia, España.<br /><br />-Padre Dámaso-NUESTRA COMUNIDAD busca presta servicio religioso Y humanitario a todos los cristianos ORTODOXOS TANTO COMO DE CORUÑA DEL RESTO DE GALICIA. -Celebramos la Divina Liturgia los domingos a las 12.<br />http://iglesiaortodoxagalicia.wordpress.com/</div></td></tr><tr><td class="submitcell"><div style="float: left;"><input value="en" name="sl" type="hidden"><span class="langselect" id="sl_select"><div activedescendant=":a" expanded="false" pressed="false" haspopup="true" tabindex="0" style="-moz-user-select: none;" role="button" title="" class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button"><div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-outer-box"><div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-inner-box"><div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-caption">English</div><div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-dropdown"> </div></div></div></div></span> <span class="arrow" onclick="ctr._swap()">></span> <input value="es" name="tl" type="hidden"><span class="langselect" id="tl_select"><div activedescendant=":1v" expanded="false" pressed="false" haspopup="true" tabindex="0" style="-moz-user-select: none;" role="button" title="" class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button"><div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-outer-box"><div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-inner-box"><div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-caption">Spanish</div><div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-dropdown"> </div></div></div></div></span> <a class="swap" href="http://translate.google.com/translate_t" onclick="ctr._swap();return false;">swap</a></div><div style="float: right;"><span class="subbutton" id="submit_button"><div pressed="false" tabindex="0" style="-moz-user-select: none;" role="button" title="" class="goog-inline-block goog-custom-button"><div class="goog-inline-block goog-custom-button-outer-box"><div class="goog-inline-block goog-custom-button-inner-box"><div>Translate</div></div></div></div></span></div></td><td><br /></td><td style="visibility: hidden;" id="dict"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-20247088349805565252008-12-22T04:13:00.000-08:002008-12-22T04:18:28.769-08:00Dr Ramon Couto, Padre Damaso, FAKE Priest excommunicated laymanBeware of the LAYMAN Ramon Couto, who pretends to be an Orthodox priest and has a chapel and celebrate Orthodox Liturgy at: Coruna, Galicia, Espagne.<br /><br /><style></style><div>-PADRE DAMASO -NUESTRA COMUNIDAD BUSCA PRESTA SERVICIO RELIGIOSO Y HUMANITARIO A TODOS LOS CRISTIANOS ORTODOXOS TANTO DE CORUÑA COMO DEL RESTO DE GALICIA. -CELEBRAMOS LA DIVINA LITURGIA LOS DOMINGOS A LAS 12. </div><a href="http://iglesiaortodoxagalicia.wordpress.com/">http://iglesiaortodoxagalicia.wordpress.com/</a> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <div class="entry"> <div class="snap_preview"><h2 class="widgettitle" style="text-align: center;">IGLESIA ORTODOXA</h2> <div class="textwidget">-ESTA PAGINA PERTENECE A LA COMUNIDAD CATOLICA ORTODOXA SAN JUAN CRISOSTOMO DE A CORUÑA-MISION SAN JUAN APOSTOL PARA ESPAÑA Y PORTUGAL DE LA IGLESIA ORTODOXA UCRANIANA DE AMERICA (UOCA), JURISDICCION DEL ARZOBISPO +CHRYSOSTOMOS. -SACERDOTE-RECTOR: -PADRE DAMASO -NUESTRA COMUNIDAD BUSCA PRESTA SERVICIO RELIGIOSO Y HUMANITARIO A TODOS LOS CRISTIANOS ORTODOXOS TANTO DE CORUÑA COMO DEL RESTO DE GALICIA. -CELEBRAMOS LA DIVINA LITURGIA LOS DOMINGOS A LAS 12. -NUESTRA DIRECCION EN A CORUÑA ES: CALLE GIL VICENTE, 17 CP. 15003 TELEF. DE CONTACTO: 608982133. -PUEDE CONTACTAR IGUALMENTE A TRAVES DEL CORREO ELECTRONICO: comunidadortodoxa@gmail.com</div> </div> </div>parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-10143978732862440292008-12-22T04:10:00.000-08:002008-12-22T04:13:48.125-08:00Padre Damaso, Dr Couto, http://iglesiaortodoxagalicia.wordpress.com/-PADRE DAMASO -NUESTRA COMUNIDAD BUSCA PRESTA SERVICIO RELIGIOSO Y HUMANITARIO A TODOS LOS CRISTIANOS ORTODOXOS TANTO DE CORUÑA COMO DEL RESTO DE GALICIA. -CELEBRAMOS LA DIVINA LITURGIA LOS DOMINGOS A LAS 12. <br />http://iglesiaortodoxagalicia.wordpress.com/ <br /><br /><br />IGLESIA ORTODOXA<br />-ESTA PAGINA PERTENECE A LA COMUNIDAD CATOLICA ORTODOXA SAN JUAN CRISOSTOMO DE A CORUÑA-MISION SAN JUAN APOSTOL PARA ESPAÑA Y PORTUGAL DE LA IGLESIA ORTODOXA UCRANIANA DE AMERICA (UOCA), JURISDICCION DEL ARZOBISPO +CHRYSOSTOMOS. -SACERDOTE-RECTOR: -PADRE DAMASO -NUESTRA COMUNIDAD BUSCA PRESTA SERVICIO RELIGIOSO Y HUMANITARIO A TODOS LOS CRISTIANOS ORTODOXOS TANTO DE CORUÑA COMO DEL RESTO DE GALICIA. -CELEBRAMOS LA DIVINA LITURGIA LOS DOMINGOS A LAS 12. -NUESTRA DIRECCION EN A CORUÑA ES: CALLE GIL VICENTE, 17 CP. 15003 TELEF. DE CONTACTO: 608982133. -PUEDE CONTACTAR IGUALMENTE A TRAVES DEL CORREO ELECTRONICO: comunidadortodoxa@gmail.comparfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-87880548563135295872008-12-22T04:08:00.000-08:002008-12-22T04:09:43.100-08:00Usted todavía debe obispo + Claudio asumir el de 70 euros;devolver la ANTIMENSON<style></style> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> <div class="clear"> <div class="post hentry"> <div class="post-body entry-content"> <div><strong>The following has been published on lists and blogs and sites on Internet, about the false, fake priestm LAYMAN COUTO<</strong></div> <div><strong></strong> </div> <div><strong>Coruna, Galicia, Spain who holds Orthodox Liturgy and Sacraments whilel being excommunicated.</strong></div> <div><strong></strong> </div> <div> <div style="text-align: left;" dir="ltr"><strong>El siguiente ha sido publicado en listas y blogs y sitios de Internet, acerca de la falsa, falso sacerdote, laico Couto,<br /><br />Coruña, Galicia, Espagne, que celebra la liturgia ortodoxa y Sacramentos mientras se excomulgado</strong></div> <div style="text-align: left;" dir="ltr"><strong>--------------------------------------------------------------</strong></div> <div style="text-align: left;" dir="ltr"><strong> <div class="post hentry category-uncategorized"> <div class="entry"> <div class="snap_preview"> <p>ESTAMOSN EN A CORUÑA, CALLE GIL VICENTE, 17. CELBRAMOS DIVINA LITURGIA LOS DOMINGOS A LAS DOCE. CUALQUIER INFORMACION LA ENCONTRARA EN NUESTRA PAGINA comunidadortodoxa.wordpress.com, y puede dirigirse a nuestra direccion de correo <a href="mailto:comunidadortodoxa@gmail.com">comunidadortodoxa@gmail.com</a> o nuestro telef. 608982133.</p></div></div></div></strong></div></div> <div><strong></strong> </div> <div>-----------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div>Usted también se han solicitado en repetidas ocasiones para devolver la ANTIMENSON dado a usted por el Obispo Claudio + y su iglesia después de que fueron excomulgados por ellos.<br /><br />------------------<br />El antimension debe ser consagrada y firmada por un obispo. El antimension, junto con el crisma siguen siendo propiedad del obispo, y son el medio por el cual un obispo indica su permiso para que el Santo misterios (sacramentos), que se celebró en su ausencia. Es, en efecto, la iglesia de la licencia para celebrar servicios divinos. Si un obispo fueron a retirar su permiso para servir a los Misterios, que lo hagan tomando las antimension crisma y la espalda. Cada vez que un obispo visita una iglesia o monasterio bajo su jurisdicción, que entrará en el altar (santuario) y la antimension inspeccionar para asegurarse de que ha sido debidamente atendidos, y que está en el hecho de que una expedición.</div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"></span></div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"></span></div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Mister Couto,</span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">You still owe bishop +Claudio from your previous church, from which you have been excommuncated,</span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">the sume of 70 Euros, for the Orthodox Vestments he bought for you. The Red chasuble you wear on many photos is one of the vestments he LEND you money for.</span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">You promised him you will repay him the money years ago - and he still waits for the money.</span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Could you please repay it or as your new church the UAOC-America to repay this amount to bishop +Claudio as soon as possible, so that he does not have to take legal action against you and your new church.</span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">You have also been requested repeatedly to return the ANTIMENSON given to you by Bishop +Claudio and his church after you were excommunicated by them.</span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">------------------</span></span></div> <div>The antimension must be <a class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrated" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrated">consecrated</a> and signed by a <a title="Bishop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop">bishop</a>. The antimension, together with the <a title="Chrism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrism#Eastern_Christianity">chrism</a> remain the property of the bishop, and are the means by which a bishop indicates his permission for the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Sacraments" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Sacraments#Eastern_and_Oriental_Orthodox_views">Holy Mysteries</a> (Sacraments) to be celebrated in his absence. It is, in effect, the church's license to hold divine services. If a bishop were to withdraw his permission to serve the Mysteries, he would do so by taking the antimension and chrism back. Whenever a bishop visits a church or monastery under his jurisdiction, he will enter the <a title="Iconostasis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconostasis">altar</a> (sanctuary) and inspect the antimension to be sure that it has been properly cared for, and that it is in fact the one that he issued.</div> <div></div> <div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">----------------------------</span></span></div></div></div></div></span></div><a href="http://cathar7.blogspot.com/">http://cathar7.blogspot.com/</a>parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-66780289575469597402008-12-22T03:59:00.000-08:002008-12-22T04:00:14.830-08:00Usted todavía debe obispo + Claudio asumir el de 70 euros;devolver la ANTIMENSON dado a usted por el Obispo Claudio<style></style><div>Mister Couto,<br /><br />Usted todavía debe obispo + Claudio de su anterior iglesia, a partir de la cual se le ha excommuncated,<br /><br />asumir el de 70 euros, para los ortodoxos ornamentos compró para usted. La casulla roja que te pones en muchas fotos es uno de los ornamentos que prestarle dinero para. <br /><br />Usted le prometió que le devolverá el dinero años atrás - y que aún espera por el dinero.<br /><br />¿Podría usted por favor que devolver o como su nueva iglesia el IOUA-América para devolver esta cantidad al obispo Claudio + tan pronto como sea posible, a fin de que no tiene que tomar acción legal en contra de usted y de su nueva iglesia.<br /><br />Usted también se han solicitado en repetidas ocasiones para devolver la ANTIMENSON dado a usted por el Obispo Claudio + y su iglesia después de que fueron excomulgados por ellos. <br /><br />------------------<br />El antimension debe ser consagrada y firmada por un obispo. El antimension, junto con el crisma siguen siendo propiedad del obispo, y son el medio por el cual un obispo indica su permiso para que el Santo misterios (sacramentos), que se celebró en su ausencia. Es, en efecto, la iglesia de la licencia para celebrar servicios divinos. Si un obispo fueron a retirar su permiso para servir a los Misterios, que lo hagan tomando las antimension crisma y la espalda. Cada vez que un obispo visita una iglesia o monasterio bajo su jurisdicción, que entrará en el altar (santuario) y la antimension inspeccionar para asegurarse de que ha sido debidamente atendidos, y que está en el hecho de que una expedición.</div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Mister Couto,</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">You still owe bishop +Claudio from your previous church, from which you have been excommuncated,</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">the sume of 70 Euros, for the Orthodox Vestments he bought for you. The Red chasuble you wear on many photos is one of the vestments he LEND you money for.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">You promised him you will repay him the money years ago - and he still waits for the money.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Could you please repay it or as your new church the UAOC-America to repay this amount to bishop +Claudio as soon as possible, so that he does not have to take legal action against you and your new church.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">You have also been requested repeatedly to return the ANTIMENSON given to you by Bishop +Claudio and his church after you were excommunicated by them.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">------------------</span></div> <div>The antimension must be <a class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrated" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrated">consecrated</a> and signed by a <a title="Bishop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop">bishop</a>. The antimension, together with the <a title="Chrism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrism#Eastern_Christianity">chrism</a> remain the property of the bishop, and are the means by which a bishop indicates his permission for the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Sacraments" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Sacraments#Eastern_and_Oriental_Orthodox_views">Holy Mysteries</a> (Sacraments) to be celebrated in his absence. It is, in effect, the church's license to hold divine services. If a bishop were to withdraw his permission to serve the Mysteries, he would do so by taking the antimension and chrism back. Whenever a bishop visits a church or monastery under his jurisdiction, he will enter the <a title="Iconostasis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconostasis">altar</a> (sanctuary) and inspect the antimension to be sure that it has been properly cared for, and that it is in fact the one that he issued.</div> <div> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">----------------------------</span></div> <div> </div>parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-37124598766555941132008-12-22T01:55:00.001-08:002008-12-22T01:55:52.684-08:00FALSOS ORTODOXOS FAKE Orthododox 'priest' Damaso, Dr Couto, layman, Coruna, Galicia, Espagne<p class="titular"><a href="http://www.laopinioncoruna.es/estaticos/domingo/Indice/indice_domingo.html">Volver a la Página Principal</a></p> <p class="Estilo7">Los ortodoxos buscan su sitio en Galicia</p> <h5><span class="Estilo14">Texto: J. A. Otero Ricart<br />Fotos: Echave/Canosa/Casteleiro</span></h5> <p class="Estilo11" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;" align="justify">La <span class="Estilo18">Iglesia ortodoxa</span> da sus primeros pasos en <span class="Estilo18">Galicia</span>, con templos en Vigo y A Coruña, dispuesta a ofrecer sus servicios, sobre todo, a los <span class="Estilo18">inmigrantes</span> de los países del Este, que profesan en su mayoría de esta confesión religiosa <table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="10" width="340"> <tbody><tr> <td align="left" width="300" height="356"><div align="center"><img src="http://www.laopinioncoruna.es/estaticos/domingo/20080706/imagenes/01.jpg" width="300" height="452" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Estilo11" align="left" height="34">Altar, todavía sin terminar, de la parroquia de San Juan Crisóstomo, en A Coruña.</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </p><p class="Estilo14" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;" align="justify"> En Galicia puede haber en estos momentos alrededor de 4.000 cristianos ortodoxos, en su mayoría rumanos, pero también rusos y ucranianos. El coruñés Ramón Couto —ordenado como padre Dámaso— es uno de los tres sacerdotes ortodoxos que ejercen en Galicia, junto con el padre Basilio en Vigo y otro presbítero que atiende un templo en Gondomar, al que acuden fieles procedentes de Portugal.<br />A diferencia de Vigo, en A Coruña todavía no existe ningún templo, aunque está a punto de abrir la parroquia de San Juan Crisóstomo, que llevará el padre Dámaso. Casado y con ocho hijos, el padre Dámaso pertenece a la Iglesia Ortodoxa Ucraniana de América, fue ordenado sacerdote el pasado año y ahora está ilusionado con la puesta en marcha de la primera capilla en la ciudad herculina, en la calle Gil Vicente, en el barrio del Agra. “Estamos dando los últimos retoques y creo que se inaugurará el mes que viene. Si todo va bien, esperamos celebrar pronto la inauguración con una Divina Liturgia abierta a todos; el 15 de agosto podría ser una buena fecha”. El siguiente paso será buscar un local en Vigo para celebrar el culto “por lo menos un par de veces al mes”.<br />En el barrio vigués de Teis existe desde hace dos años la única iglesia ortodoxa de la ciudad. Al frente de la misma se encuentra el padre Basilio, de la Iglesia Ortodoxa de Polonia, que ya ha celebrado algunos bautismos por ese rito. A la capilla, situada frente a Vulcano, acude los domingos y festivos un reducido grupo de fieles de diversos puntos de Galicia —algunos llegan desde Ferrol o Vilagarcía—, en su mayor parte de nacionalidad española. “Los domingos y festivos, a las diez de la mañana, celebramos la Divina Liturgia para quienes quieran asistir a ella; la capilla es pequeña pero procuramos tenerla bien cuidada”, comenta el padre Basilio que, a sus 72 años y sin apenas ayudas, mantiene viva una comunidad “peregrina y orante”.<br />De momento, en Vigo la Iglesia Ortodoxa Ucraniana de América sólo cuentan con un diácono, el padre Efrén, que espera poder contar cuanto antes con una capilla: “En Vigo estamos negociando un local que será en el futuro, Dios mediante, una capilla ortodoxa que prestará atención a los ciudadanos católico-ortodoxos, no sólo de países del Este sino abierta a todos aquellos cristianos que la deseen conocer y quieran acercarse a la Ortodoxia”.<br />Con más de 700.000 residentes, los rumanos constituyen ya el grupo de extranjeros más numeroso en España, por delante de marroquíes y ecuatorianos, según reflejan los últimos datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística. En su gran mayoría pertenecen a la Iglesia ortodoxa, aunque no todos son practicantes. “A pesar de ciertos estereotipos —apunta el padre Dámaso— lo cierto es que los rumanos son gente muy noble, muy trabajadora y muy honesta. Están viniendo familias completas y muchas de ellas asisten a nuestros actos litúrgicos, aunque hasta ahora, por falta de local, tenemos que celebrarlos en alguna capilla que nos ceden”. De hecho, algunos cristianos ortodoxos acuden a las celebraciones litúrgicas en parroquias romanas. Hay que tener en cuenta que la Iglesia ortodoxa mantiene la sucesión apostólica y los mismos siete sacramentos que la Iglesia católica romana; el bautismo es por inmersión —“una triple inmersión, en recuerdo de la Santísima Trinidad”, señala Ramón <table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="10" width="200"> <tbody><tr> <td><img src="http://www.laopinioncoruna.es/estaticos/domingo/20080706/imagenes/02.jpg" width="300" height="450" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Estilo11">Iconos en la pared de la iglesia de A Coruña.</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </p><p class="Estilo14" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;" align="justify">Couto— y la confirmación o crismación suele celebrarse en el mismo acto.<br />Una de las diferencias entre la Misa del rito romano y la Divina Liturgia ortodoxa es la duración de esta última, que suele ser de dos horas. “Se trata de una Iglesia muy devota, muy de emociones, muy mística —señala el padre Dámaso—. Sólo en la preparación de los panes y del incienso se emplean 20 o 25 minutos. Habitualmente en los templos no hay bancos y los fieles siguen la ceremonia de pie y con velas”.<br />La mayoría de los fieles ortodoxos que viven en Galicia provienen de los países del Este y algunos de ellos, que emigraron en la época comunista, se han bautizado de mayores. “Hay casos realmente curiosos<br />—comenta el padre Dámaso—, pues sé de algunos que regresaron a Rusia sólo para bautizarse y luego volvieron a nuestro país”.<br />En el tiempo que lleva ejerciendo su ministerio, este sacerdote ha oficiado dos bodas y espera celebrar pronto algún bautismo. De momento llega todavía a poca gente, pero con la inauguración del templo piensa ponerse en contacto con asociaciones de rumanos y de rusos para ofrecer sus servicios pastorales.<br />Muchos de estos inmigrantes tienen una escasa formación religiosa pues crecieron en un mundo comunista que propiciaba el ateísmo. Al mismo tiempo, su situación económica suele ser muy precaria. La integración de los inmigrantes de países del Este en la sociedad española es uno de los objetivos pastorales que pretende impulsar en Vigo el padre Efrén: “Uno de nuestros objetivos es establecer grupos de reinserción social en el caso de inmigrantes. Contando que en Galicia el colectivo de ciudadanos del Este se aproxima a las cuatro mil personas, deseamos poder atender a todos los que lo deseen. Como diácono y futuro sacerdote ortodoxo espero poder ofrecer en el futuro un servicio pastoral bajo la jurisdicción de nuestra Iglesia, en cuya labor he puesto mucha ilusión y esperanzas”.<br />La actividad de las iglesias ortodoxas en Galicia se limita a la labor del padre Basilio, de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Polaca, en la capilla del barrio vigués de Teis, al templo que en el municipio de Gondomar atiende un presbítero dependiente de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Griega, y a la actividad del padre Dámaso en A Coruña.<br />Le preguntamos al padre Dámaso por las distintas denominaciones de las iglesias ortodoxas: ¿división o autonomía? “Algunas de las iglesias ortodoxas —dice— son muy nacionales, pero en la diáspora la ortodoxia es única, son iglesias unidas en la misma ortodoxia, no hay ninguna variación”. En su caso, estudió Teología ortodoxa en Sevilla, en el Seminario de la Santísima Trinidad, y al licenciarse optó por ordenarse en la Iglesia Ortodoxa Ucraniana de América. “De hecho, mi arzobispo está en Ecuador”, explica. Al ordenarse tomó el nombre de Dámaso, “un santo que fue Papa romano y defensor de la unión entre Oriente y Occidente”, puntualiza. “¿Que cómo son las relaciones con los sacerdotes locales? Muy buenas, no podía ser de otra forma pues somos iglesias hermanas. Además cada año celebramos juntos una jornada de oración por la unidad de los cristianos”. </p><p class="Estilo7" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;" align="justify"> Iglesias autocéfalas </p><p class="Estilo14" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;" align="justify">Con unos 215 millones de fieles en todo el mundo, la Iglesia ortodoxa es la tercera de las tres grandes iglesias o comunidades cristianas. Mantiene la sucesión apostólica y los mismos siete sacramentos de la Iglesia católica. Tras varios desencuentros y conflictos, la Iglesia católica ortodoxa y la Iglesia católica romana se separaron en 1054, en el llamado Cisma de Oriente y Occidente. Desde entonces los Patriarcados tradicionales de Constantinopla, Alejandría, Antioquía y Jerusalén se desligaron del Patriarcado de Roma. La Iglesia ortodoxa está constituida por varias iglesias autocéfalas, que reconocen la autoridad eclesiástica de acuerdo al patriarcado al que correspondan. En la actualidad existen catorce iglesias ortodoxas autocéfalas, que poseen la capacidad de nombrar a sus propios obispos y de resolver sus problemas internos sin acudir a ninguna autoridad superior. Asimismo, hay otras comunidades dependientes de esas iglesias autocéfalas. </p><p class="Estilo7" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;" align="justify">Una boda ortodoxa </p><p class="Estilo14" style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;" align="justify">Durante el último año, el padre Dámaso ha oficiado dos bodas por el rito ortodoxo en<br />A Coruña, una de ellas la de Manuel y Cristina, que aparece en estas imágenes. El rito ortodoxo del matrimonio incluye la coronación de los novios, con coronas iguales que significan “la igualdad dentro de la pareja y su coronación, que son los máximos responsables de su hogar y de sus vidas”.<br />La copa de vino que comparten y que tienen que tomar en tres sorbos cada uno, significa su compromiso a compartirlo todo. Se trata de vino bendecido, no consagrado. Luego dan tres vueltas alrededor del altar en procesión —a veces acompañados de los padrinos— y dirigidos por el sacerdote, que porta los Evangelios. Esta ceremonia recibe el nombre de danza de Isaías, en conmemoración de la profecía en que anunciaba la venida del Mesías. Al final de la boda, los novios entregan a los invitados una bolsita con almendras. “Se trata de almendras recubiertas con azúcar e impares —explica el padre Dámaso—. Las almedras, que son amargas, representan la vida, el dulce representa la ayuda que le prestan en la vida tanto la iglesia como toda la familia y amigos, y son impares porque el matrimonio es indivisible”. Se trata de unas tradiciones de la Iglesia ortodoxa universal que se remontan a los primeros siglos del cristianismo. Cada vez es más habitual en todas las iglesias de rito oriental —y sobre todo en la griega— usar coronas de flores en lugar de las metálicas.</p>parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-17319619338626484802008-12-22T01:52:00.000-08:002008-12-22T01:53:34.762-08:00LAYMAN COUTO pretends to be FAKE Priest Padre Damaso, Coruna, Galicia, Espagne<style></style> <div style="font-family: arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"><div style="background: rgb(228, 228, 228) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><b>From:</b> <a title="progxtian@gmail.com" href="mailto:progxtian@gmail.com">progxtian</a> </div> <div><b>To:</b> <a title="france.orthodoxe@gmail.com" href="mailto:france.orthodoxe@gmail.com">france.orthodoxe@gmail.com</a> ; <a title="nikosnimbriotis@gmail.com" href="mailto:nikosnimbriotis@gmail.com">nikosnimbriotis@gmail.com</a> </div> <div><b>Cc:</b> <a title="vladykaioan@aol.com" href="mailto:vladykaioan@aol.com">vladykaioan</a> ; <a title="comunidadortodoxa@gmail.com" href="mailto:comunidadortodoxa@gmail.com">comunidadortodoxa@gmail.com</a> ; <a title="eveque.gregoire@gmail.com" href="mailto:eveque.gregoire@gmail.com">eveque.gregoire@gmail.com</a> ; <a title="iglesiaortodoxa@gmail.com" href="mailto:iglesiaortodoxa@gmail.com">Iglesia Ortodoxa</a> </div> <div><b>Sent:</b> Monday, December 22, 2008 11:47 AM</div> <div><b>Subject:</b> Falsos Ortodoxos: UKRAINIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH IN AMERI</div></div> <div><br /></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> <div dir="ltr" id="result_box">Según mails de lego de COUTO Coruña, Galicia, España publicado en internet:<br /><br />accordinng a él nunca fue ordenado como un sacerdote ortodoxo --<br />PERO, tiene una capilla para los ortodoxos, donde se celebra la liturgia ortodoxa y fuera de los Sacramentos.<br /><br />Se confirmó por los llamados Obispo Crisóstomo (a partir de la IOUA-América), obispo de Ecuador, y recientemente toda la América Latina, así como Portugal y España (y el resto de Europa Occidental a seguir):<br /><br /><a href="http://www.uaocamerica.net/HistoryStatutes/HistoryofOurChurch.dsp">http://www.uaocamerica.net/HistoryStatutes/HistoryofOurChurch.dsp</a> <br /><br />Que él, Crisóstomo Couto aceptado sólo como una LAICOS MAN, en tres años de libertad vigilada.<br /><br />Pero, a pesar de estas mentiras por layman Coto, y los llamados obispo Crisóstomo:<br /><br />Chrysostomos pide LAICOS MAN Couto en el sitio oficial de la llamada IOUA - América PADRE Dámaso y publicó un phoot de lego Couto creados como un sacerdote.<br /><br />La carta en la que Chrysostomos Couto dice que es sólo un lego y aceptado por su iglesia y sólo como un hombre LAICOS para tres - es también en línea en internet para escrutinio público. <br /><br />Tenga cuidado de estas personas que inducir a error a inocentes, la verdadera ortodoxa gente!<br /><br />Por favor, difundir esta información en Internet a fin de informar a otros acerca de estos maliciosos y mentir los hombres que abusan de la Iglesia Ortodoxa y el sacerdocio y el episcopado.</div> <div dir="ltr"> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-PADRE DAMASO -NUESTRA COMUNIDAD BUSCA PRESTA SERVICIO RELIGIOSO Y HUMANITARIO A TODOS LOS CRISTIANOS ORTODOXOS TANTO DE CORUÑA COMO DEL RESTO DE GALICIA. -CELEBRAMOS LA DIVINA LITURGIA LOS DOMINGOS A LAS 12. </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:180%;"></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:180%;">MISION DE SAN JUAN APOSTOL<br />ESPAÑA-PORTUGAL<br /></span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Clero Responsable:<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:130%;">Vladyka Chrysóstomos</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Locum Tennens de España-Portugal<br /><br /><img style="width: 239px; height: 362px;" src="http://img.forministry.com/5/50/502DA8CE-96D3-4C50-9279DBEC56D9FDAC/260B0D5A-EE70-4BA7-8B390AA6BE21F400.jpg" /><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:130%;">Padre Dámaso Couto<br /></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Lugares de celebración:<br />Capilla San Juan Crisóstomo<br />Coruña</span></span></span></span></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><img alt="" src="cid:50C9F3BD70754C689C6AE7818201506A@ulrich0f2f62dc" align="baseline" border="0" hspace="0" /></span></span></span></span></span></div></div> <div dir="ltr"> </div> <div dir="ltr"> <div>-PADRE DAMASO -NUESTRA COMUNIDAD BUSCA PRESTA SERVICIO RELIGIOSO Y HUMANITARIO A TODOS LOS CRISTIANOS ORTODOXOS TANTO DE CORUÑA COMO DEL RESTO DE GALICIA. -CELEBRAMOS LA DIVINA LITURGIA LOS DOMINGOS A LAS 12. </div><a href="">http://iglesiaortodoxagalicia.wordpress.com/</a> </div> <div dir="ltr"> </div> <div style="float: left;"><input value="en" name="sl" type="hidden"><span id="sl_select" class="langselect"> <div haspopup="true" style="-moz-user-select: none;" class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button" title="" role="button" tabindex="0"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-outer-box"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-inner-box"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-caption">English</div> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-dropdown"> </div></div></div></div></span><span class="arrow" onclick="ctr._swap()">></span> <input value="es" name="tl" type="hidden"><span id="tl_select" class="langselect"> <div haspopup="true" style="-moz-user-select: none;" class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button" title="" role="button" tabindex="0"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-outer-box"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-inner-box"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-caption">Spanish</div> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-dropdown"> </div></div></div></div></span><a class="swap" onclick="ctr._swap();return false;" href="http://translate.google.com/translate_t">swap</a></div> <div style="float: right;"><span id="submit_button" class="subbutton"> <div style="-moz-user-select: none;" class="goog-inline-block goog-custom-button" title="" role="button" tabindex="0"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-custom-button-outer-box"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-custom-button-inner-box"> <div>Translate</div></div></div></div></span></div>According to mails from LAYMAN COUTO from Coruna, Galicia, Spain published on internet:</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">according to him he was NEVER ordained as a Orthodox Priest -</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">BUT, he has a chapel for Orthodox where he celebrates the Orthodox Liturgy and off the Sacraments.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">It was confirmed by so-called Bishop Chrysostomos (from the UAOC- America), bishop for Ecuador, and recently the entire Latin America, as well as Portugal and Spain (and the rest of Western Europe to follow):</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><a href="http://www.uaocamerica.net/HistoryStatutes/HistoryofOurChurch.dsp"><strong>http://www.uaocamerica.net/HistoryStatutes/HistoryofOurChurch.dsp</strong></a></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> <p style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;" class="Estilo11" align="justify">La <span class="Estilo18">Iglesia ortodoxa</span> da sus primeros pasos en <span class="Estilo18">Galicia</span>, con templos en Vigo y A Coruña, dispuesta a ofrecer sus servicios, sobre todo, a los <span class="Estilo18">inmigrantes</span> de los países del Este, que profesan en su mayoría de esta confesión religiosa <table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="10" width="340"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" width="300" height="356"> <div align="center"><img src="mhtml:mid://00000085/%21http://www.laopinioncoruna.es/estaticos/domingo/20080706/imagenes/01.jpg" width="300" height="452" /></div></td></tr> <tr> <td class="Estilo11" align="left" height="34">Altar, todavía sin terminar, de la parroquia de San Juan Crisóstomo, en A Coruña.</td></tr></tbody></table></p> <p style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;" class="Estilo14" align="justify">En Galicia puede haber en estos momentos alrededor de 4.000 cristianos ortodoxos, en su mayoría rumanos, pero también rusos y ucranianos. El coruñés Ramón Couto —ordenado como PADRE!!!!! Dámaso— es uno de los tres sacerdotes ortodoxos que ejercen en Galicia, junto con el padre Basilio en Vigo y otro presbítero que atiende un templo en Gondomar, al que acuden fieles procedentes de Portugal.</p></span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.laopinioncoruna.es/estaticos/domingo/20080706/domingo.html">http://www.laopinioncoruna.es/estaticos/domingo/20080706/domingo.html</a></span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">That he, Chrysostomos accepted Couto ONLY as a LAY MAN, on three years probation.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">BUT, in spite of these lies by layman Coto, and so-called bishop Chrysostomos:</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Chrysostomos calls LAY MAN Couto on the official site of the so-called UAOC - America PADRE Damaso and published a phoot of layman Couto vested as a priest.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">The letter in which Chrysostomos says that Couto is ONLY a layman and accepted by and his church ONLY as a LAY man for three - is aslo online Internet for public scrutiny.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Beware of these people who mislead innocent, true Orthodox people!</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Please spread this information on Internet so as to inform others about these malicious and lying men who abuse the Orthodox Church and the priesthood and episcopacy.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">2004</span> - Metropolitan Moisei begins to unite the various canonical UAOC Churches of the Diaspora (Western Europe, North and South America, Africa, etc.) with the canonical Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in Ukraine in conformity with the Tomos of Autocephaly granted by Ecumencal Patriarch Gregorios VII Haddad in 1924<span style="font-family:Arial;"> </span></span> <div><a href="http://www.uaocamerica.net/HistoryStatutes/HistoryofOurChurch.dsp">http://www.uaocamerica.net/HistoryStatutes/HistoryofOurChurch.dsp</a></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">2005</span> - Metropolitan Moisei, without full Synodal approval, declares himself Patriarch of Kyiv and All-Russ Ukraine. In July, 2005, the Ukrainian Bishops become aware that Patriarch Moisey had believed in and taught “reincarnation” and that he had also abused the Eucharist by placing it in antimensia. He had also declared his disbelief in monasticism and had kept secret the fact that he was married. Declaring Patriarch Moisey a heretic, and invoking Canon 15 of the First-and-Second Council, the Ukrainian Bishops and Bishops from North and Central America elect Bishop Ioan (Notaro) as Metropolitan Prime Bishop to lead their jurisdiction and petition Metropolitan Thomas Logue to come under his Omofor in order to maintain continuity with the Apostolic Lines of Metropolitan Hryhoriy Ohijchuk. Metropolitan Thomas received all his brother bishops under his Omofor and granted them a Tomos of Autonomy under his Metropolia. Because of the world-wide scandal caused by Patriarch Moisey Koulik, the Synod of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Greek Catholic Orthodox Church - Canonical unanimously agreed to change its legal name to: <span style="font-weight: bold;">Ukrainian Orthodox Church in America</span> and to shift its headquarters from Ukraine to the United States, the home of the Church of the Ukrainian Diaspora.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> <div> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Archdiocese of Ecuador, Central and South America</span></div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;">+CHRYSOSTOMOS</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Major Archbishop of Ecuador,</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Central and South America</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div><a href="">http://www.uaocamerica.net/BishopsDioceses/</a></div> <div> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Archdiocese of Ecuador, Central and South America</span></div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Fr. Hierodeacon Nicolas</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Chancellor</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Archdiocese of Ecuador, Central<br />and South America</span></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.ortodoxa.net/">http://www.ortodoxa.net/</a></span></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <div> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size:180%;">DIOCESIS DE COLOMBIA<br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Clero Responsable:</span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Arzobispo Su Eminencia Vladyka Chrysóstomos</span><br />Obispo Exarca de Colombia </span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size:100%;"></span></span></span> </p> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:180%;">ARZOBISPADO DE ECUADOR - COLOMBIA<br />CENTRO Y SUDAMERICA<br />SEDE ARZOBISPAL<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Pagina web: www.ortodoxa.net<br /><a href="">www.seminarioortodoxo.org</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <p style="text-align: center;" align="center"><img style="width: 115px; height: 145px;" src="http://img.forministry.com/5/50/502DA8CE-96D3-4C50-9279DBEC56D9FDAC/55EFB2F5-36F9-46C9-8B191253BBB9F97B.jpg" align="bottom" border="0" width="115" height="145" hspace="0" /></p> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:180%;">MISION DE LA SANTA CRUZ<br />CHILE</span><br /><br />Pagina Web: </span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:180%;">MISION DE SAN MIGUEL ARCANGEL</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:180%;">MEXICO</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Clero responsable:</span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="baseline"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"></span></span></span></p> <div style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-size:180%;">MISION DE SAN JUAN APOSTOL<br />ESPAÑA-PORTUGAL<br /></span><br />Clero Responsable:<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;">Vladyka Chrysóstomos</span><br />Locum Tennens de España-Portugal</div> <div style="text-align: center;"> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;font-size:180%;" >CLERO PRESENTE EN BRASIL</span><br />EN INTERCOMUNION</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size:180%;">MISION DE LA SANTA TRINIDAD<br />ARGENTINA<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Clero responsable:<br /><br />Subdiácono Pánfilo (Celis)</span></span></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size:100%;"></span></span></span> </p></div> <div> </div></span></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span> </div></span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div></div> <p> </p><hr /> <p></p> <p> </p><center><img src="cid:%7B11788E5A-9F7F-4A1E-A9DA-E4424A2CF13E%7D/260B0D5A-EE70-4BA7-8B390AA6BE21F400.jpg" /></center> <p> </p><hr /> <p></p> <p> </p><center><img src="cid:%7B2ED13965-12D8-4A86-9B3C-7AE0E7B35844%7D/55EFB2F5-36F9-46C9-8B191253BBB9F97B.jpg" /></center>parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-77969785004315436192008-12-22T01:51:00.000-08:002008-12-22T01:52:41.591-08:00FALSOS ORTODOXAS<style></style> <div style="font-family: arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"><div style="background: rgb(228, 228, 228) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><b>From:</b> <a title="progxtian@gmail.com" href="mailto:progxtian@gmail.com">progxtian</a> </div> <div><b>To:</b> <a title="france.orthodoxe@gmail.com" href="mailto:france.orthodoxe@gmail.com">france.orthodoxe@gmail.com</a> ; <a title="nikosnimbriotis@gmail.com" href="mailto:nikosnimbriotis@gmail.com">nikosnimbriotis@gmail.com</a> </div> <div><b>Cc:</b> <a title="vladykaioan@aol.com" href="mailto:vladykaioan@aol.com">vladykaioan</a> ; <a title="comunidadortodoxa@gmail.com" href="mailto:comunidadortodoxa@gmail.com">comunidadortodoxa@gmail.com</a> ; <a title="eveque.gregoire@gmail.com" href="mailto:eveque.gregoire@gmail.com">eveque.gregoire@gmail.com</a> ; <a title="iglesiaortodoxa@gmail.com" href="mailto:iglesiaortodoxa@gmail.com">Iglesia Ortodoxa</a> </div> <div><b>Sent:</b> Monday, December 22, 2008 11:47 AM</div> <div><b>Subject:</b> Falsos Ortodoxos: UKRAINIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH IN AMERI</div></div> <div><br /></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> <div dir="ltr" id="result_box">Según mails de lego de COUTO Coruña, Galicia, España publicado en internet:<br /><br />accordinng a él nunca fue ordenado como un sacerdote ortodoxo --<br />PERO, tiene una capilla para los ortodoxos, donde se celebra la liturgia ortodoxa y fuera de los Sacramentos.<br /><br />Se confirmó por los llamados Obispo Crisóstomo (a partir de la IOUA-América), obispo de Ecuador, y recientemente toda la América Latina, así como Portugal y España (y el resto de Europa Occidental a seguir):<br /><br /><a href="http://www.uaocamerica.net/HistoryStatutes/HistoryofOurChurch.dsp">http://www.uaocamerica.net/HistoryStatutes/HistoryofOurChurch.dsp</a> <br /><br />Que él, Crisóstomo Couto aceptado sólo como una LAICOS MAN, en tres años de libertad vigilada.<br /><br />Pero, a pesar de estas mentiras por layman Coto, y los llamados obispo Crisóstomo:<br /><br />Chrysostomos pide LAICOS MAN Couto en el sitio oficial de la llamada IOUA - América PADRE Dámaso y publicó un phoot de lego Couto creados como un sacerdote.<br /><br />La carta en la que Chrysostomos Couto dice que es sólo un lego y aceptado por su iglesia y sólo como un hombre LAICOS para tres - es también en línea en internet para escrutinio público. <br /><br />Tenga cuidado de estas personas que inducir a error a inocentes, la verdadera ortodoxa gente!<br /><br />Por favor, difundir esta información en Internet a fin de informar a otros acerca de estos maliciosos y mentir los hombres que abusan de la Iglesia Ortodoxa y el sacerdocio y el episcopado.</div> <div dir="ltr"> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-PADRE DAMASO -NUESTRA COMUNIDAD BUSCA PRESTA SERVICIO RELIGIOSO Y HUMANITARIO A TODOS LOS CRISTIANOS ORTODOXOS TANTO DE CORUÑA COMO DEL RESTO DE GALICIA. -CELEBRAMOS LA DIVINA LITURGIA LOS DOMINGOS A LAS 12. </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:180%;"></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:180%;">MISION DE SAN JUAN APOSTOL<br />ESPAÑA-PORTUGAL<br /></span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Clero Responsable:<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:130%;">Vladyka Chrysóstomos</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Locum Tennens de España-Portugal<br /><br /><img style="width: 239px; height: 362px;" src="http://img.forministry.com/5/50/502DA8CE-96D3-4C50-9279DBEC56D9FDAC/260B0D5A-EE70-4BA7-8B390AA6BE21F400.jpg" /><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:130%;">Padre Dámaso Couto<br /></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Lugares de celebración:<br />Capilla San Juan Crisóstomo<br />Coruña</span></span></span></span></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><img alt="" src="cid:50C9F3BD70754C689C6AE7818201506A@ulrich0f2f62dc" align="baseline" border="0" hspace="0" /></span></span></span></span></span></div></div> <div dir="ltr"> </div> <div dir="ltr"> <div>-PADRE DAMASO -NUESTRA COMUNIDAD BUSCA PRESTA SERVICIO RELIGIOSO Y HUMANITARIO A TODOS LOS CRISTIANOS ORTODOXOS TANTO DE CORUÑA COMO DEL RESTO DE GALICIA. -CELEBRAMOS LA DIVINA LITURGIA LOS DOMINGOS A LAS 12. </div><a href="">http://iglesiaortodoxagalicia.wordpress.com/</a> </div> <div dir="ltr"> </div> <div style="float: left;"><input value="en" name="sl" type="hidden"><span id="sl_select" class="langselect"> <div haspopup="true" style="-moz-user-select: none;" class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button" title="" role="button" tabindex="0"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-outer-box"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-inner-box"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-caption">English</div> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-dropdown"> </div></div></div></div></span><span class="arrow" onclick="ctr._swap()">></span> <input value="es" name="tl" type="hidden"><span id="tl_select" class="langselect"> <div haspopup="true" style="-moz-user-select: none;" class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button" title="" role="button" tabindex="0"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-outer-box"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-inner-box"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-caption">Spanish</div> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-menu-button-dropdown"> </div></div></div></div></span><a class="swap" onclick="ctr._swap();return false;" href="http://translate.google.com/translate_t">swap</a></div> <div style="float: right;"><span id="submit_button" class="subbutton"> <div style="-moz-user-select: none;" class="goog-inline-block goog-custom-button" title="" role="button" tabindex="0"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-custom-button-outer-box"> <div class="goog-inline-block goog-custom-button-inner-box"> <div>Translate</div></div></div></div></span></div>According to mails from LAYMAN COUTO from Coruna, Galicia, Spain published on internet:</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">according to him he was NEVER ordained as a Orthodox Priest -</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">BUT, he has a chapel for Orthodox where he celebrates the Orthodox Liturgy and off the Sacraments.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">It was confirmed by so-called Bishop Chrysostomos (from the UAOC- America), bishop for Ecuador, and recently the entire Latin America, as well as Portugal and Spain (and the rest of Western Europe to follow):</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><a href="http://www.uaocamerica.net/HistoryStatutes/HistoryofOurChurch.dsp"><strong>http://www.uaocamerica.net/HistoryStatutes/HistoryofOurChurch.dsp</strong></a></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> <p style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;" class="Estilo11" align="justify">La <span class="Estilo18">Iglesia ortodoxa</span> da sus primeros pasos en <span class="Estilo18">Galicia</span>, con templos en Vigo y A Coruña, dispuesta a ofrecer sus servicios, sobre todo, a los <span class="Estilo18">inmigrantes</span> de los países del Este, que profesan en su mayoría de esta confesión religiosa <table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="10" width="340"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" width="300" height="356"> <div align="center"><img src="mhtml:mid://00000085/%21http://www.laopinioncoruna.es/estaticos/domingo/20080706/imagenes/01.jpg" width="300" height="452" /></div></td></tr> <tr> <td class="Estilo11" align="left" height="34">Altar, todavía sin terminar, de la parroquia de San Juan Crisóstomo, en A Coruña.</td></tr></tbody></table></p> <p style="margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;" class="Estilo14" align="justify">En Galicia puede haber en estos momentos alrededor de 4.000 cristianos ortodoxos, en su mayoría rumanos, pero también rusos y ucranianos. El coruñés Ramón Couto —ordenado como PADRE!!!!! Dámaso— es uno de los tres sacerdotes ortodoxos que ejercen en Galicia, junto con el padre Basilio en Vigo y otro presbítero que atiende un templo en Gondomar, al que acuden fieles procedentes de Portugal.</p></span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.laopinioncoruna.es/estaticos/domingo/20080706/domingo.html">http://www.laopinioncoruna.es/estaticos/domingo/20080706/domingo.html</a></span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">That he, Chrysostomos accepted Couto ONLY as a LAY MAN, on three years probation.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">BUT, in spite of these lies by layman Coto, and so-called bishop Chrysostomos:</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Chrysostomos calls LAY MAN Couto on the official site of the so-called UAOC - America PADRE Damaso and published a phoot of layman Couto vested as a priest.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">The letter in which Chrysostomos says that Couto is ONLY a layman and accepted by and his church ONLY as a LAY man for three - is aslo online Internet for public scrutiny.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Beware of these people who mislead innocent, true Orthodox people!</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Please spread this information on Internet so as to inform others about these malicious and lying men who abuse the Orthodox Church and the priesthood and episcopacy.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">2004</span> - Metropolitan Moisei begins to unite the various canonical UAOC Churches of the Diaspora (Western Europe, North and South America, Africa, etc.) with the canonical Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in Ukraine in conformity with the Tomos of Autocephaly granted by Ecumencal Patriarch Gregorios VII Haddad in 1924<span style="font-family:Arial;"> </span></span> <div><a href="http://www.uaocamerica.net/HistoryStatutes/HistoryofOurChurch.dsp">http://www.uaocamerica.net/HistoryStatutes/HistoryofOurChurch.dsp</a></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">2005</span> - Metropolitan Moisei, without full Synodal approval, declares himself Patriarch of Kyiv and All-Russ Ukraine. In July, 2005, the Ukrainian Bishops become aware that Patriarch Moisey had believed in and taught “reincarnation” and that he had also abused the Eucharist by placing it in antimensia. He had also declared his disbelief in monasticism and had kept secret the fact that he was married. Declaring Patriarch Moisey a heretic, and invoking Canon 15 of the First-and-Second Council, the Ukrainian Bishops and Bishops from North and Central America elect Bishop Ioan (Notaro) as Metropolitan Prime Bishop to lead their jurisdiction and petition Metropolitan Thomas Logue to come under his Omofor in order to maintain continuity with the Apostolic Lines of Metropolitan Hryhoriy Ohijchuk. Metropolitan Thomas received all his brother bishops under his Omofor and granted them a Tomos of Autonomy under his Metropolia. Because of the world-wide scandal caused by Patriarch Moisey Koulik, the Synod of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Greek Catholic Orthodox Church - Canonical unanimously agreed to change its legal name to: <span style="font-weight: bold;">Ukrainian Orthodox Church in America</span> and to shift its headquarters from Ukraine to the United States, the home of the Church of the Ukrainian Diaspora.</span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> <div> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Archdiocese of Ecuador, Central and South America</span></div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;">+CHRYSOSTOMOS</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Major Archbishop of Ecuador,</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Central and South America</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div><a href="">http://www.uaocamerica.net/BishopsDioceses/</a></div> <div> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Archdiocese of Ecuador, Central and South America</span></div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Fr. Hierodeacon Nicolas</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Chancellor</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Archdiocese of Ecuador, Central<br />and South America</span></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.ortodoxa.net/">http://www.ortodoxa.net/</a></span></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <div> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size:180%;">DIOCESIS DE COLOMBIA<br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Clero Responsable:</span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Arzobispo Su Eminencia Vladyka Chrysóstomos</span><br />Obispo Exarca de Colombia </span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size:100%;"></span></span></span> </p> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:180%;">ARZOBISPADO DE ECUADOR - COLOMBIA<br />CENTRO Y SUDAMERICA<br />SEDE ARZOBISPAL<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Pagina web: www.ortodoxa.net<br /><a href="">www.seminarioortodoxo.org</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <p style="text-align: center;" align="center"><img style="width: 115px; height: 145px;" src="http://img.forministry.com/5/50/502DA8CE-96D3-4C50-9279DBEC56D9FDAC/55EFB2F5-36F9-46C9-8B191253BBB9F97B.jpg" align="bottom" border="0" width="115" height="145" hspace="0" /></p> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:180%;">MISION DE LA SANTA CRUZ<br />CHILE</span><br /><br />Pagina Web: </span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:180%;">MISION DE SAN MIGUEL ARCANGEL</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:180%;">MEXICO</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Clero responsable:</span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="baseline"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"></span></span></span></p> <div style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-size:180%;">MISION DE SAN JUAN APOSTOL<br />ESPAÑA-PORTUGAL<br /></span><br />Clero Responsable:<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;">Vladyka Chrysóstomos</span><br />Locum Tennens de España-Portugal</div> <div style="text-align: center;"> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;font-size:180%;" >CLERO PRESENTE EN BRASIL</span><br />EN INTERCOMUNION</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size:180%;">MISION DE LA SANTA TRINIDAD<br />ARGENTINA<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Clero responsable:<br /><br />Subdiácono Pánfilo (Celis)</span></span></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia,times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size:100%;"></span></span></span> </p></div> <div> </div></span></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span> </div></span></div> <div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span> </div></div> <p> </p><hr /> <p></p> <p> </p><center><img src="cid:%7B11788E5A-9F7F-4A1E-A9DA-E4424A2CF13E%7D/260B0D5A-EE70-4BA7-8B390AA6BE21F400.jpg" /></center> <p> </p><hr /> <p></p> <p> </p><center><img src="cid:%7B2ED13965-12D8-4A86-9B3C-7AE0E7B35844%7D/55EFB2F5-36F9-46C9-8B191253BBB9F97B.jpg" /></center>parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-34118491871773040792008-11-26T22:09:00.001-08:002008-11-26T22:10:40.537-08:00Waldensians, many similarities to Cathars; still exist today in evangelical, organized church form.<h1 class="firstHeading">Waldensians</h1> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#searchInput">search</a></div> <!-- start content --> <table class="infobox bordered" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: large;"><b>Waldensian Evangelical Church</b></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Founders:</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Founding date:</th> <td>about 1177; in 1532 acceded to Franco-Swiss Protestant Reform</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Headquarters:</th> <td><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Italy" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="22" border="0" height="15" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Pellice" title="Torre Pellice">Torre Pellice</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piemonte" title="Piemonte" class="mw-redirect">Piemonte</a>, Italy</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Countries:</th> <td>Primarily Italy, France, Germany and South America.</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Website:</th> <td><a href="http://www.chiesavaldese.org/indexen.html" class="external free" title="http://www.chiesavaldese.org/indexen.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.chiesavaldese.org/indexen.html</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Waldensians</b>, <b>Waldenses</b> or <b>Vaudois</b> are names for a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" title="Christian">Christian</a> spiritual movement of the later <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, descendants of which still exist in various regions. Over time, the denomination joined the Genevan or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_churches" title="Reformed churches">Reformed</a> branch of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. About the earlier history of the Waldenses considerable uncertainty exists because of a lack of extant source material.<sup id="cite_ref-ME_0-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-ME-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> They were persecuted as heretical before the 16th century, endured near annihilation in the 17th century,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> and were then confronted with organized and generalized discrimination in centuries that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-2" title=""><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-3" title=""><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-4" title=""><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> There are active congregations in Europe, South America, and North America. The contemporary and historic Waldensian spiritual heritage includes proclaiming the Gospel, serving the marginalized, promoting social justice, fostering inter-religious work, and advocating respect for religious diversity and freedom of conscience.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-5" title=""><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#General_description"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">General description</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#Ancient_origins_asserted_and_contested"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient origins asserted and contested</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#Origins_in_the_Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Origins in the Middle Ages</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#The_Catholic_response_to_Waldensians"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">The Catholic response to Waldensians</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#Reformation"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Reformation</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#Later_history"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Later history</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#Waldensians_by_Region"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Waldensians by Region</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#In_Italy"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">In Italy</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#In_South_America"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">In South America</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#In_the_United_States_of_America"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">In the United States of America</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#In_Germany"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">In Germany</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#Characteristics_of_the_Waldensian_Church"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Characteristics of the Waldensian Church</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#Today"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Today</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#Historic_doctrine"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Historic doctrine</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#Historical_organization"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Historical organization</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a name="General_description" id="General_description"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General description">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">General description</span></h2> <p>The earliest Waldensians believed in poverty and austerity, promoting true poverty, public <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preacher" title="Preacher">preaching</a> and the personal study of the scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-ME_0-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-ME-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The sect originated in the late 12th century as the <i>Poor Men of Lyons</i>, a band organized by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a>, a wealthy merchant of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, who gave away his property around 1177 and went about preaching apostolic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> as the way to perfection.<sup id="cite_ref-ME_0-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-ME-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 1179, they went to Rome, where <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a> blessed their life but forbade preaching without authorization from the local clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> They disobeyed and began to preach according to their own understanding of scripture. Seen by the Roman Catholic Church as unorthodox, they were formally declared <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretics</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Pope Lucius III</a> in 1184 and by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council" title="Fourth Lateran Council" class="mw-redirect">Fourth Lateran Council</a> in 1215.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1211 more than 80 were burned as heretics at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. since July 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">who?</a></i>]</span></sup>, beginning several centuries of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">persecution</a> that nearly destroyed the sect. Part of their legacy is recognized as works of the writer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Arnaud" title="Henri Arnaud">Henri Arnaud</a>. The Waldensian Church of Italy has survived to the present day.</p> <p>Some groups of Mennonites and Baptists in the attempt to trace <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession" class="mw-redirect">apostolic succession</a> through the Waldenses, claim that the Waldenses history extends back to the apostolic church.<sup id="cite_ref-ME_0-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-ME-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Many Roman Catholic and mainstream Protestant scholars contest that this has no basis in fact.<sup id="cite_ref-ME_0-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-ME-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-7" title=""><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> The mainstream academic view is that the Waldensians were followers of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a> (or Valdes or Vaudes) and that any similarity in doctrine between the Waldensians and the early Christians is not necessarily the result of direct ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-ME_0-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-ME-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-8" title=""><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a name="History" id="History"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p><a name="Ancient_origins_asserted_and_contested" id="Ancient_origins_asserted_and_contested"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient origins asserted and contested">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Ancient origins asserted and contested</span></h3> <p>Some researchers argue that the group has existed since the time of the apostles, a claim largely rejected by modern scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-9" title=""><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> The supporters of the ancient origin claim the Waldenses' name does not in fact come from Peter Waldo, as modern scholars contend, but from the area in which they lived. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-10" title=""><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> They claim Peter Waldo in fact got his name by association with the Waldenses. This thought was current in the early 19th century:</p> <dl><dd>"Some Protestants, on this occasion, have fallen into the snare that was set for them...It is absolutely false, that these churches were ever found by Peter Waldo...it is a pure forgery." <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-11" title=""><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>"It is not true, that Waldo gave this name to the inhabitants of the valleys: they were called Waldenses, or Vaudes, before his time, from the valleys in which they dwelt." <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-12" title=""><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>"On the other hand, he "was called Valdus, or Waldo, because he received his religious notions from the inhabitants of the valleys." <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-13" title=""><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The claim of an ancient origin was for a long time accepted as valid by Protestant historians.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrine" title="Alexandrine">alexandrine</a> <i>Nobles Lessons</i>, written in Provençal, was thought at one time to have been composed in 1100, but all scholars now date it between 1190 and 1240.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-14" title=""><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Other scholars claimed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_of_Turin" title="Claudius of Turin">Claudius, Bishop of Turin</a> (died 840), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berengarius_of_Tours" title="Berengarius of Tours" class="mw-redirect">Berengarius of Tours</a> (died 1088), or other such men who had preceded Peter Waldo, as the founder of the sect.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> In the nineteenth century, however, critics came to the conclusion that the poem and other Waldensian documents offered as proof had been altered.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> For example, the respected Waldensian scholar Dr. Emilio Comba dismissed the theories related to the ancient origin of the Waldensians in the middle of the 19th century. <sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a name="Origins_in_the_Middle_Ages" id="Origins_in_the_Middle_Ages"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins in the Middle Ages">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Origins in the Middle Ages</span></h3> <p>According to the Waldense Church and the Waldense Scholarship, the Waldensians started with Peter Waldo, who began to preach on the streets of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> in 1177.<sup id="cite_ref-ME_0-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-ME-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> He was a wealthy merchant and decided to give up all his worldly possessions; he was sick of his own affluence: that he had so much more than those around him.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-15" title=""><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> He went through the streets giving his money away and decided to become a wandering preacher who would beg for a living. He began to attract a following. Waldo had a philosophy very similar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-16" title=""><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Preaching required official permission, which he was unable to secure from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> in Lyon, and so in 1179 he met <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a> and asked for permission to preach. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Map" title="Walter Map">Walter Map</a>, in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Nugis_Curialium" title="De Nugis Curialium" class="mw-redirect">De Nugis Curialium</a></i>, narrates the discussions at one of these meetings. The pope, while praising Peter Waldo's ideal of poverty, ordered him not to preach unless he had the permission of the local clergy. He continued to preach without permission and by the early 1180s he and his followers were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> and forced from Lyon. The Catholic church declared them heretics - the group's principal error was "contempt for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical" class="mw-redirect">ecclesiastical</a> power" - that they dared to teach and preach outside of the control of the clergy "without divine inspiration." Though there is evidence early Waldensians affirmed doctrines like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">prayers for the dead</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a>, they were also accused of the ignorant teaching of "innumerable errors".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-17" title=""><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-18" title=""><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 1207, one of Waldo's early companions, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durand_of_Huesca" title="Durand of Huesca">Durand of Huesca</a>, converted to Catholicism after debating with Bishop <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_of_Osma" title="Diego of Osma" class="mw-redirect">Diego of Osma</a> and St. Dominic. Durand later went to Rome where he professed the Catholic faith to Innocent III. Innocent gave him permission to establish the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Catholics" title="Poor Catholics">Poor Catholics</a>, a mendicant order, which continued the Waldensian preaching mission against the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathar" title="Cathar" class="mw-redirect">Cathars</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_order" title="Dominican order" class="mw-redirect">Dominicans</a> later supplanted the Poor Catholics.</p> <p>Waldo and his followers developed a system whereby they would go from town to town and meet secretly with small groups of Waldensians. There they would confess sins and hold service. A traveling Waldensian preacher was known as a <i>barba</i> and could be either man or woman. (The idea of a female preacher was novel, almost revolutionary in and of itself, for the era.) The group would shelter and house the <i>barba</i> and help make arrangements to move on to the next town in secret.</p> <p><a name="The_Catholic_response_to_Waldensians" id="The_Catholic_response_to_Waldensians"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Catholic response to Waldensians">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">The Catholic response to Waldensians</span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 282px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Champion_des_dames_Vaudoises.JPG" class="image" title="Illustrations depicting Waldensians as witches in Le champion des dames, by Martin Le France, 1451."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Champion_des_dames_Vaudoises.JPG/280px-Champion_des_dames_Vaudoises.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="280" border="0" height="379" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Champion_des_dames_Vaudoises.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Illustrations depicting Waldensians as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witches</a> in <i>Le champion des dames</i>, by Martin Le France, 1451.</div> </div> </div> <p>The members of the group were declared schismatics in 1184 in France and heretics more widely in 1215 by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a>'s anathema. The rejection by the Church radicalized the movement; in terms of ideology the Waldensians became more obviously anti-Catholic - rejecting the authority of the clergy.</p> <p>Much of what is known about the Waldensians comes from reports from Reinerius Saccho (died 1259), a former Cathar who converted to Catholicism and wrote two reports for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, <i>Summa de Catharis et Pauperibus de Lugduno</i> (roughly) "Of the Sects of Modern Heretics" (1254)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-19" title=""><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> Waldo possibly died in the early 13th century, possibly in Germany, but he was never captured and his fate uncertain.</p> <p>As early as the twelfth century, the Waldensians were granted refuge in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_%28Italy%29" title="Piedmont (Italy)" class="mw-redirect">Piedmont</a> by the Count of Savoy. While the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> itself remained strongly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic" title="Roman Catholic" class="mw-redirect">Roman Catholic</a>, this gesture angered the Papacy. While the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> might have been willing to tolerate the continued presence of large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> populations in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, it was less than willing to accept a new Christian sect in Piedmont.</p> <p>In the thirteenth century, there was a substantial enough problem with clerical literacy that preaching to the laity in churches was hampered. Therefore, the field was somewhat clear for peripatetic evangelism of the Waldensians. At the same time, the lack of ecclesiastical structure and training meant that each sect could be at wide variance with others. The Waldensians became a diverse movement<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since July 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup> as it spread out across Europe in France, Italy, Germany, and Bohemia.</p> <p>Particular efforts against the movement began in the 1230s with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> seeking the leaders of the movements. The movement had been almost completely suppressed in southern France within twenty years but the persecution lasted beyond into the 14th century.</p> <p><a name="Reformation" id="Reformation"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reformation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Reformation</span></h3> <table class="infobox" style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: lightsteelblue none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-size: 120%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><b>Protestant Reformation<br /></b> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:95Thesen.jpg" class="image" title="95Thesen.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/95Thesen.jpg/150px-95Thesen.jpg" width="150" border="0" height="114" /></a></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%; text-align: left;"> <td> <dl><dt><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation">The Reformation</a></dt><dt><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation#History_and_origins" title="Protestant Reformation">History and origins</a></dt><dt><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History of Protestantism</a></dt></dl> <dl><dd> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_95_Theses" title="The 95 Theses" class="mw-redirect">The 95 Theses</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_War" title="Peasants' War">Peasants' War</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial Reformation</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li></ul> </dd></dl> <dl><dt><b>Movements and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_denomination" title="Protestant denomination" class="mw-redirect">denominations</a></b></dt><dt><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_France" title="Reformation in France" class="mw-redirect">French Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a></li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Reformation" title="German Reformation" class="mw-redirect">German Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a></li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Swiss Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Churches" title="Reformed Churches" class="mw-redirect">Reformed Churches</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptist" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a></li></ul> </li><li>Reformation in the Netherlands <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonite" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a></li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan" title="Puritan">Puritans</a></li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li></ul> </li><li>Reformation in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><strong class="selflink">Waldensians</strong></li></ul> </li></ul> <p><br /></p> <dl><dt><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">E</a>, 1494–1536)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_Simmons" title="Menno Simmons" class="mw-redirect">Menno Simmons</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands" title="The Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">N</a>, 1496–1561)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">G</a>, 1489–1525)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">E</a>, 1489–1556)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Sc</a>, 1514?–1572)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">E</a>, 1703–1791)</li></ul> <dl><dt><b>Precursors</b></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309 to 1377)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">E</a>, 1320–1384)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">1417</a>)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">B</a>, ~1369–1415)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a> (1420 to ~1434)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_mysticism" title="German mysticism">German mysticism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>See also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Protestant" title="Template:Protestant" class="mw-redirect">Template:Protestant</a></p> <center> <div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;">This box: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Reformation" title="Template:Reformation"><span title="View this template" style="">view</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Reformation" title="Template talk:Reformation"><span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Discussion about this template">talk</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Reformation&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Reformation&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">edit</span></a></div> </center> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>The Waldenses were most successful in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and had permanent communities in the Cottian Alps southwest of Turin. In 1487 at the insistence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a> a persecution overwhelmed the Dauphiné Waldenses, but those in Piedmont defended themselves successfully. A crusade against Waldensians in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a> region of France was declared in 1487, but Papal representatives continued to devastate towns and villages into the mid 16th century as the Waldensians became absorbed into the wider <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.</p> <p>When the news of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> reached the Waldensian Valleys, the Tavola Valdese <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-20" title=""><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> decided to seek fellowship with the nascent Protestantism. A Synod held 1526 in Laus, a town in Chisone valley, decided to send envoys to examine the new movement.</p> <p>In 1532 they met with German and Swiss Protestants and ultimately adapted their beliefs to those of the Reformed Church. Moreover, the Waldensian absorption into Protestantism led to their transformation from a sect on the edge of Catholicism that shared many Catholic beliefs into a Protestant church adhering to the theology of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, which differed much from the beliefs of Peter Waldo. From that moment the Church became the Italian branch of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_churches" title="Reformed churches">Reformed churches</a>.</p> <p>The Swiss and French Reformed churches sent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Saunier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Saunier (page does not exist)">Anthony Saunier</a> to attend the Synod of Chamforan, which convened in October, 12th 1532. Farel invited them to join the Reformation and to leave secrecy. A Confession of Faith, with Reformed doctrines, was formulated and the Waldensians decided to worship openly in French.</p> <p>The first French Bible translated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Robert_Oliv%C3%A9tan" title="Pierre Robert Olivétan">Pierre Robert Olivétan</a> with the help of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a> and published at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> in 1535 was based in part on a New Testament in the Waldensian vernacular. The cost of its publication was defrayed by the churches in Waldensia who collected the sum of 1500 gold crowns for this purpose. <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-21" title=""><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Outside the Piedmont the Waldenses joined the local Protestant churches in Bohemia, France and Germany. After they came out of clandestinity, the French king, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, armed a crusade against the Waldensians of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, completely destroying them in France in 1545.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since April 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup></p> <p>The treaty of 5 June 1561 granted amnesty to the Protestants of the Valleys, including liberty of conscience and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom to worship</a>. Prisoners were released and fugitives were permitted to return home. The Reformation was also somewhat beneficial to the Vaudois, with the religious reformers showing them respect, but they still suffered in the French <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Religion" title="Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a> (1562-1598).</p> <p>As early as 1631, Protestants scholars began to regard the Waldensians as early forerunners of the Reformation, alike how the followers of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> were regarded, who were similarly persecuted by Roman Catholic authorities.</p> <p><a name="Later_history" id="Later_history"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later history">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Later history</span></h3> <p>In 1655 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_II,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a> commanded the Vaudois to attend Mass or remove to the upper valleys, giving them twenty days in which to sell their lands. In a most severe winter these targets of persecution, old men, women, little children and the sick "waded through the icy waters, climbed the frozen peaks, and at length reached the homes of their impoverished brethren of the upper Valleys, where they were warmly received." There they found refuge and rest. Deceived by false reports of Vaudois resistance, the Duke sent an army. On 24 April 1655, at 4 a.m., the signal was given for a general massacre, the horrors of which can be detailed only in small part.</p> <p>The massacre was so brutal it aroused indignation throughout Europe. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, then ruler in England, began petitioning on behalf of the Vaudois, writing letters, raising contributions, calling a general fast in England and threatening to send military forces to the rescue. The massacre prompted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s famous poem on the Waldenses, <a href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Emilton/reading_room/sonnets/sonnet_18/index.shtml" class="external text" title="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/sonnets/sonnet_18/index.shtml" rel="nofollow">"On the Late Massacre in Piedmont."</a>. The resistance which lasted into the 1660s was then led by a farmer, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josu%C3%A9_Janavel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josué Janavel (page does not exist)">Josué Janavel</a> <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-22" title=""><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup>).</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chiesa_valdese_%28Trinity_church%29_2.JPG" class="image" title="Waldensian Church of Florence, Italy"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Chiesa_valdese_%28Trinity_church%29_2.JPG/200px-Chiesa_valdese_%28Trinity_church%29_2.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="200" border="0" height="267" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chiesa_valdese_%28Trinity_church%29_2.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Waldensian Church of Florence, Italy</div> </div> </div> <p>In 1685 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> revoked the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a>, which had guaranteed freedom of religion to his Protestant subjects in France. The cousin of Louis, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II_of_Sardinia" title="Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia">The Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II</a> followed his uncle in removing the protection of Protestants in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>. In the renewed persecution, an edict decreed that all inhabitants of the Valleys should publicly announce their error in religion within fifteen days under penalty of death and banishment and the destruction of all the Vaudois churches. Armies of French and Piedmontese soldiers invaded the Valleys, laying them waste and perpetrating cruelties upon the inhabitants. A pastor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Arnaud" title="Henri Arnaud">Henri Arnaud</a> sought help from William of Orange. He gathered a band of followers in Switzerland; and in 1689 made an attempt to regain their homes in the valleys.</p> <p>After the French Revolution the Waldenses of Piedmont were assured liberty of conscience, and in 1848, the ruler of Savoy, King <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert of Sardinia</a> granted them full religious and civil rights. Copies of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Romaunt</a> version of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> were preserved in Paris and Dublin. The manuscripts were used as the basis of a work by Gilly published in 1848, in which it was related to the history of the New Testament in use by the Waldensians.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-23" title=""><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> A group of Waldensians settled in the United States at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdese,_North_Carolina" title="Valdese, North Carolina">Valdese, North Carolina</a>.</p> <p>Later sects such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptist" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptists</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist" title="Baptist">Baptists</a> also began to point to the Waldensians as an example of earlier Christians who were not a part of the Roman Catholic Church, and held beliefs similar to their own. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonite" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> book <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i> lists them in this regard as it attempts to trace the history of believer's baptism back to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_apostles" title="Twelve apostles" class="mw-redirect">apostles</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Aitken_Wylie" title="James Aitken Wylie">James Aitken Wylie</a> (1808-1890) likewise believed that the Waldensians preserved the apostolic faith during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-24" title=""><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> Still later, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a> taught that the Waldenses were preservers of biblical truth during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_apostasy" title="Great apostasy" class="mw-redirect">great apostasy</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-25" title=""><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> She believed that the Waldenses kept the seventh-day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath_and_Seventh-day_Adventism" title="Sabbath and Seventh-day Adventism" class="mw-redirect">Sabbath</a>, engaged in widespread missionary activity, and "planted the seeds of the Reformation" in Europe. Like the claims of ancient origins, these claims are not backed by any mainstream scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-26" title=""><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> However, others point to evidence of seventh-day keeping by at least some Waldenses prior to and about the time of the Reformation <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-27" title=""><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-28" title=""><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> Today, the Waldensian Church is included in the Alliance of Reformed Churches of the Presbyterian Order.</p> <p><a name="Waldensians_by_Region" id="Waldensians_by_Region"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Waldensians by Region">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Waldensians by Region</span></h2> <p><a name="In_Italy" id="In_Italy"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Italy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">In Italy</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:0660_-_Milano_-_Facciata_chiesa_valdese_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_5-May-2007.jpg" class="image" title="The Waldensian Church in Milan, built in 1949, incorporates materials from the demolished gothic church of San Giovanni in Conca."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/0660_-_Milano_-_Facciata_chiesa_valdese_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_5-May-2007.jpg/200px-0660_-_Milano_-_Facciata_chiesa_valdese_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_5-May-2007.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="200" border="0" height="237" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:0660_-_Milano_-_Facciata_chiesa_valdese_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_5-May-2007.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> The Waldensian Church in Milan, built in 1949, incorporates materials from the demolished gothic church of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Conca" title="San Giovanni in Conca">San Giovanni in Conca</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>In 1848, after many centuries of harsh persecution, the Waldensians (as well as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews" class="mw-redirect">Jews</a>) acquired legal freedom in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect">Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia</a> as a result of the liberalising reforms which followed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert of Sardinia</a>'s granting a constitution (the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statuto_Albertino" title="Statuto Albertino">Statuto Albertino</a>). Subsequently the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensian_Evangelical_Church" title="Waldensian Evangelical Church">Waldensian Evangelical Church</a>, as it became known, developed and spread through the Italian peninsula.</p> <p>The Waldensian church was able to gain converts by building schools in some of the poorer regions of Italy, including Sicily. There is still a Waldensian church in the town of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotte,_Agrigento" title="Grotte, Agrigento">Grotte</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Agrigento" title="Province of Agrigento">Province of Agrigento</a> at the southwest part of the island. The Waldensians that belonged to this church were derided as "crazy Protestants" by their countrymen and those that married Waldensians were sometimes disowned by their predominantly Roman Catholic families.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since November 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup> The Grottese that emigrated to Rochester, New York in 1910 and the years after that had their own church and minister until about the 1930s, when they merged with the Waring Baptist Church after their church was burned by the neighborhood Catholics.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since November 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup></p> <p>During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi" title="Nazi" class="mw-redirect">Nazi</a> occupation of North Italy in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" title="Second World War" class="mw-redirect">Second World War</a>, Italian Waldensians were active in saving <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews" class="mw-redirect">Jews</a> faced with imminent extermination, hiding many of them in the same mountain valley where their own Waldensian ancestors had found refuge in earlier generations.</p> <p>In 1975 the Waldensian Church joined the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Methodist_Church" title="Italian Methodist Church">Italian Methodist Church</a> to form the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Waldensian_and_Methodist_Churches" title="Union of Waldensian and Methodist Churches" class="mw-redirect">Union of Waldensian and Methodist Churches</a>, which is a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>, of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Alliance_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Alliance of Reformed Churches">World Alliance of Reformed Churches</a> and of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a>. It has 50,000 members (45,000 Waldensians, of whom 30,000 in Italy and some 15,000 divided between Argentina and Uruguay, and 5,000 Methodists).</p> <p><a name="In_South_America" id="In_South_America"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In South America">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">In South America</span></h3> <p>The first Waldensian settlers from Italy arrived in South America in 1856 and today the Waldensian Church of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_La_Plata" title="Río de La Plata" class="mw-redirect">Río de La Plata</a> (which forms a united church with the Waldensian Evangelical Church) has approximately 40 congregations and 15,000 members shared between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. More history is available in Spanish at the website of <a href="http://www.iglesiavaldense.org/historia.html" class="external text" title="http://www.iglesiavaldense.org/historia.html" rel="nofollow">the Waldensians in South America</a>.</p> <p><a name="In_the_United_States_of_America" id="In_the_United_States_of_America"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In the United States of America">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">In the United States of America</span></h3> <p>Since colonial times there have been Waldensians who found freedom on American shores, as marked by the presence of them in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>. In the late 1800s many Italians, among them Waldensians, emigrated to the United States. They founded communities in New York City, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" title="Chicago, Illinois" class="mw-redirect">Chicago</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monett,_Missouri" title="Monett, Missouri">Monett</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a>. Some Waldensians living in the Cottian Alps region of Northern Italy migrated to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> in 1893 and founded the most notable Waldensian settlement in North America in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdese,_North_Carolina" title="Valdese, North Carolina">Valdese, North Carolina</a>, where the congregation uses the name <a href="http://www.waldensianpresbyterian.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.waldensianpresbyterian.com/" rel="nofollow">Waldensian Presbyterian Church</a>.</p> <p>In 1906, through the initiative of church forces in New York City, Waldensian interest groups were invited to coalesce into a new entity, The American Waldensian Aid Society (AWS), organized "to collect funds and apply the same to the aid of the Waldensian Church in Italy and elsewhere…and to arouse and maintain interest throughout the US in the work of said Church…" Today, this organization continues as the <a href="http://www.waldensian.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.waldensian.org/" rel="nofollow">American Waldensian Society</a>. The American Waldensian Society recently marked its <a href="http://www.waldensian.org/100/aws100_01.asp/" class="external text" title="http://www.waldensian.org/100/aws100_01.asp/" rel="nofollow">Centennial</a> with a conference and celebrations in New York City.</p> <p>By the 1920s most of the Waldensian churches and missions merged into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_%28USA%29" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)" class="mw-redirect">Presbyterian Church</a> due to the cultural assimilation of the second and third generations.</p> <p>The work of the American Waldensian Society continues in the United States today. The mission of the American Waldensian Society is to foster dialogue and partnership among Waldensian Churches in Italy and South America and Christian churches within North America in order to promote a compelling vision of Waldensian Christian witness for North America.</p> <p>The vision of the society is to be a passionate witness in North America to the contemporary and historic Waldensian spiritual heritage: to Proclaim the Gospel; to Serve among the Marginalized; to Promote Social Justice; to Foster Inter-religious Work; and to Advocate Respect for Religious Diversity and Freedom of Conscience.</p> <p>There exists a group under the name "The Old Waldensian Church of Anabaptists" that claim to have originally come from the Italian organization but after coming to America has maintained independence from church organizations or government incorporation including any tax exemption status. Once a sizable Church they have dwindled today to a very small group in Ohio and another in Pennsylvania. <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-29" title=""><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The most well known Waldensian Churches in America were in New York and in Valdese North Carolina. There is no longer a church in New York City.</p> <p>The American Waldensian Society assists churches, organizations and families in the promotion of Waldensian history and culture. The society is friend to those who work to preserve their millennial heritage among their descendants. For example, over the course of 41 years, the Old Colony Players in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdese,_North_Carolina" title="Valdese, North Carolina">Valdese, North Carolina</a>, have staged "<a href="http://www.oldcolonyplayers.com/FTDF%20Story.html/" class="external text" title="http://www.oldcolonyplayers.com/FTDF%20Story.html/" rel="nofollow">From this Day Forward</a>", an outdoor drama telling the story of the Waldenses and the founding of Valdese.</p> <p>Both the Waldensian Presbyterian Church and the American Waldensian Society have links with the Italian-based <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensian_Evangelical_Church" title="Waldensian Evangelical Church">Waldensian Evangelical Church</a>, but, differently to the South American Waldensian communities, they are independent from it.</p> <p><a name="In_Germany" id="In_Germany"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In Germany">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">In Germany</span></h3> <p>In 1698 approximately 3,000 Waldenses fled from Italy and came to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">South Rhine valley</a>. Most of them returned to their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> valleys, but those who remained in Germany were assimilated by the State Churches (Lutheran and Reformed) and 10 congregations exist today as part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelische_Kirche_in_Deutschland" title="Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland" class="mw-redirect">Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland</a>.</p> <p><a name="Characteristics_of_the_Waldensian_Church" id="Characteristics_of_the_Waldensian_Church"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Characteristics of the Waldensian Church">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Characteristics of the Waldensian Church</span></h2> <p><a name="Today" id="Today"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Today">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Today</span></h3> <p>The present Waldensian Church considers itself to be a Christian Protestant church of the Reformed tradition originally framed by John Calvin.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> It recognizes as its doctrinal standard the confession of faith published in 1655 and based on the Reformed confession of 1559. It admits only two sacraments, baptism and the Lord's Supper.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Supreme authority in the body is exercised by an annual synod, and the affairs of the individual congregations are administered by a consistory under the presidency of the pastor.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a name="Historic_doctrine" id="Historic_doctrine"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historic doctrine">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Historic doctrine</span></h3> <p>Among the earliest beliefs taught by the Waldensians were the rejecting all false tradition such as purgatory, the mass, and of indulgences and prayers for the dead. They considered all lying as a serious sin, they refused to take oaths and considered the shedding of human blood a crime. They consequently condemned war and the death penalty. They did not limit themselves to the so-called “New Testament.” In the pre-Reformation days of the movement, they also taught that the validity of the sacraments depended on the worthiness of the minister. The only two ceremonies they recognized were baptism and the Lord’s evening meal. They strictly followed Bible principles regarding morality and refused to celebrate popular religious holidays such as Palm Sunday, Easter, All Saints’ Day, and so forth. They challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church insofar as it was not based on the Scriptures. <sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Typical is the statement of one of them, who was martyred, that ‘the Cross should not be prayed to but loathed as the instrument of the Just One’s death.’</p> <p><a name="Historical_organization" id="Historical_organization"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Historical organization">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Historical organization</span></h3> <p>Among the Waldenses the perfect, bound by the vow of poverty, wandered about from place to place preaching.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Such an itinerant life was ill-suited for the married state, and to the profession of poverty they added the vow of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">chastity</a>. Married persons who desired to join them were permitted to dissolve their union without the consent of their partner.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Orderly government was secured by the additional vow of obedience to superiors.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-14" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> The perfect were not allowed to perform manual labour, but were to depend for their subsistence on the members of the sect known as the friends.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-15" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> These continued to live in the world, married, owned property, and engaged in secular pursuits. Their generosity and alms were to provide for the material needs of the perfect.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> The friends remained in union with the Roman Catholic Church and continued to receive its sacraments with the exception of penance, for which they sought out, whenever possible, one of their own ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The name Waldenses was at first exclusively reserved to the perfect; but in the course of the thirteenth century the friends were also included in the designation. <sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The perfect were divided into the three classes of bishops, priests, and deacons. The bishop, called "major" or "majoralis", preached and administered the sacraments of penance, Eucharist, and Holy Orders.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> The celebration of the Eucharist, frequent perhaps in the early period, soon took place only on Holy Thursday.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-20" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> The priest preached and enjoyed limited faculties for the hearing of confessions. The deacon, named "junior" or "minor", acted as assistant to the higher orders and by the collection of alms relieved them of all material care.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-21" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> The bishop was elected by a joint meeting of priests and deacons.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-22" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> In his consecration, as well as in the ordination of the other members of the clergy, the laying-on of hands was the principal element; but the recitation of the Lord's Prayer, so important in the Waldensian liturgy, was also a prominent feature.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-23" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> The power of jurisdiction seems to have been exercised exclusively by one bishop, known as the "rector", who was the highest executive officer.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-24" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Supreme legislative power was vested in the general convention or general chapter, which met once or twice a year, and was originally composed of the perfect but at a later date only of the senior members among them.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-25" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> It considered the general situation of the sect, examined the religious condition of the individual districts, admitted to the episcopate, priesthood, or diaconate, and pronounced upon the admission of new members and the expulsion of unworthy ones.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_6-26" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_note-CE-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_religious_minority_politicians" title="List of Italian religious minority politicians">List of Italian religious minority politicians</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Arnaud" title="Henri Arnaud">Henri Arnaud</a>, writer, pastor, and soldier</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a>, writer</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durand_of_Huesca" title="Durand of Huesca">Durand of Huesca</a>, early follower of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a> (later re-converted to Catholicism)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Ferrero" title="Paolo Ferrero">Paolo Ferrero</a>, politician</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Illy" title="Riccardo Illy">Riccardo Illy</a>, politician</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Malan" title="Lucio Malan">Lucio Malan</a>, politician</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Maselli" title="Domenico Maselli">Domenico Maselli</a>, politician and pastor</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Snow_Pendleton" title="Frederick Henry Snow Pendleton">Frederick Henry Snow Pendleton</a>, Anglican protector in South America</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdo_Spini" title="Valdo Spini">Valdo Spini</a>, politician and writer</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image" title="Wikisource-logo.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="16" border="0" height="17" /></a> Works related to <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_Ancient_Churches_of_Piedmont" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Ecclesiastical History of the Ancient Churches of Piedmont">Ecclesiastical History of the Ancient Churches of Piedmont</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image" title="Wikisource-logo.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="16" border="0" height="17" /></a> Works related to <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Inquiry_into_the_History_and_Theology_of_the_Ancient_Vallenses_and_Albigenses" class="extiw" title="wikisource:An Inquiry into the History and Theology of the Ancient Vallenses and Albigenses">An Inquiry into the History and Theology of the Ancient Vallenses and Albigenses</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image" title="Wikisource-logo.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="16" border="0" height="17" /></a> Works related to <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Waldensian_Church_in_the_valleys_of_Piedmont" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Waldensian Church in the valleys of Piedmont">The Waldensian Church in the valleys of Piedmont</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Commons-logo.svg" class="image" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="12" border="0" height="16" /></a> Media related to <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Waldensians" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Waldensians">Waldensians</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></li></ul> <p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-ME-0">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-ME_0-0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-ME_0-1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-ME_0-2" title=""><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-ME_0-3" title=""><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-ME_0-4" title=""><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-ME_0-5" title=""><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-ME_0-6" title=""><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, pp. 874-876</li><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-1" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Emilton/reading_room/sonnets/sonnet_18/index.shtml" class="external text" title="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/sonnets/sonnet_18/index.shtml" rel="nofollow">Milton: Sonnet 18</a></li><li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-2" title="">^</a></b> Neff, Christian and Harold S. Bender. "Waldenses." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia. 1959.</li><li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-3" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.chiesavaldese.org/indexen.html" class="external text" title="http://www.chiesavaldese.org/indexen.html" rel="nofollow">Chiesa evangelica valdese - Welcome</a></li><li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-4" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.waldensian.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.waldensian.org/" rel="nofollow">American Waldensian Society</a></li><li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-5" title="">^</a></b> [www.waldensian.org waldensian.org]</li><li id="cite_note-CE-6">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-2" title=""><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-3" title=""><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-4" title=""><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-5" title=""><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-6" title=""><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-7" title=""><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-8" title=""><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-9" title=""><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-10" title=""><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-11" title=""><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-12" title=""><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-13" title=""><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-14" title=""><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-15" title=""><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-16" title=""><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-17" title=""><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-18" title=""><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-19" title=""><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-20" title=""><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-21" title=""><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-22" title=""><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-23" title=""><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-24" title=""><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-25" title=""><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-CE_6-26" title=""><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15527b.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15527b.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15527b.htm</a> The Waldenses</li><li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-7" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.waldensian.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.waldensian.org/" rel="nofollow">American Waldensian Society</a></li><li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-8" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.waldensian.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.waldensian.org/" rel="nofollow">American Waldensian Society</a></li><li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-9" title="">^</a></b> Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, pp. 874-876</li><li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-10" title="">^</a></b> Ancient Church of Piedmont<i>, Dr. Peter Allix, pp.182, Oxford: 1821</i></li><li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-11" title="">^</a></b> Ancient Church of Piedmont<i>, Dr. Peter Allix, pp.192, Oxford: 1821</i></li><li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-12" title="">^</a></b> Ancient Church of Piedmont<i>, Dr. Peter Allix, pp.182, Oxford: 1821</i></li><li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-13" title="">^</a></b> <i>History of the Christian Church</i>, William Jones, Vol II, p.2.</li><li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-14" title="">^</a></b> Bosio, Enrico - "La Nobla Leyczon considérée au point de vue de la doctrine, de la morale et de l’histoire", Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Vaudoise, n. 2 (dic. 1885), pp. 20-36.</li><li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-15" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.waldensian.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.waldensian.org/" rel="nofollow">American Waldensian Society</a></li><li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-16" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.waldensian.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.waldensian.org/" rel="nofollow">American Waldensian Society</a></li><li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-17" title="">^</a></b> Rosalind B. Brooke, The Coming of the Friars (NY: Barnes and Noble, 1975), 72-73.</li><li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-18" title="">^</a></b> A.H. Newman, A History of Anti-Pedobaptism from the Rise of Pedobaptism to A.D. 1609 (Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1897), 41</li><li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-19" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/waldo2.html" class="external text" title="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/waldo2.html" rel="nofollow">Reinarius Saccho, <i>Of the Sects of the Modern Heretics</i></a> 1254. e-text of this list of Waldensian beliefs</li><li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-20" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://81.88.54.234/aws/aws073.php" class="external text" title="http://81.88.54.234/aws/aws073.php" rel="nofollow">Church structure described by American Waldensian Society - see second paragraph.</a></li><li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-21" title="">^</a></b> Wylie, (p. 62)</li><li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-22" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.regard.eu.org/Livres.11/Janavel/" class="external text" title="http://www.regard.eu.org/Livres.11/Janavel/" rel="nofollow">Janavel, Combats, Exil et Pouvoir d'un Grand Capitaine</a>, Biography of Josué Janavel (in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li><li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-23" title="">^</a></b> Gilly, William S., <i>The Romaunt Version of the Gospel according to St. John, from MSS. preserved in Trinity College, Dublin, and in the Bibliothèque du Roi, Paris. With an introductory history of the version of the New Testament, anciently in use among the old Waldenses, and remarks on the texts of the Dublin, Paris, Grenoble, Zurich and Lyons MSS. of that version</i>.</li><li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-24" title="">^</a></b> J. A. Wylie, <a href="http://www.doctrine.org/history/HPv1b1.htm#CHAPTER%206" class="external text" title="http://www.doctrine.org/history/HPv1b1.htm#CHAPTER%206" rel="nofollow">The History of Protestantism</a></li><li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-25" title="">^</a></b> <cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a>. <i><a href="http://www.whiteestate.org/books/gc/gc4.html" class="external text" title="http://www.whiteestate.org/books/gc/gc4.html" rel="nofollow">The Great Controversy</a></i>, Chapter 4 - The Waldenses.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Controversy&rft.au=%5B%5BEllen+G.+White%5D%5D&rft.pages=Chapter+4+-+The+Waldenses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whiteestate.org%2Fbooks%2Fgc%2Fgc4.html"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-26" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.lifeassuranceministries.org/studies/waldenses.html" class="external text" title="http://www.lifeassuranceministries.org/studies/waldenses.html" rel="nofollow">Did the Waldenses keep the seventh day sabbath?</a></li><li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-27" title="">^</a></b> <cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.N._Andrews" title="J.N. Andrews" class="mw-redirect">J.N. Andrews</a>. <i><a href="http://dedication.www3.50megs.com/historyofsabbath/hos_twentyone_b.html#Anathema" class="external text" title="http://dedication.www3.50megs.com/historyofsabbath/hos_twentyone_b.html#Anathema" rel="nofollow">History of the Sabbath</a></i>, Chapter 21 - The Sabbath During the Dark Ages.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sabbath&rft.au=%5B%5BJ.N.+Andrews%5D%5D&rft.pages=Chapter+21+-+The+Sabbath+During+the+Dark+Ages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdedication.www3.50megs.com%2Fhistoryofsabbath%2Fhos_twentyone_b.html%23Anathema"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-28" title="">^</a></b> <cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.N._Andrews" title="J.N. Andrews" class="mw-redirect">J.N. Andrews</a>. <i><a href="http://dedication.www3.50megs.com/historyofsabbath/hos_twentyfive.html#Keepers" class="external text" title="http://dedication.www3.50megs.com/historyofsabbath/hos_twentyfive.html#Keepers" rel="nofollow">History of the Sabbath</a></i>, Chapter 25 - Sabbath Keepers During The Reformation Times From The Fifteenth To The Seventeenth Century.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sabbath&rft.au=%5B%5BJ.N.+Andrews%5D%5D&rft.pages=Chapter+25+-++Sabbath+Keepers+During+The+Reformation+Times%0AFrom+The+Fifteenth+To+The+Seventeenth+Century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdedication.www3.50megs.com%2Fhistoryofsabbath%2Fhos_twentyfive.html%23Keepers"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#cite_ref-29" title="">^</a></b> Arnold,Dr.Marvin M., <i>History of Churches in Michigan and the Ohio Valley</i>, pp. 10,Essay, Arno Publications, Washington, MI 2002</li></ol> </div> <p><a name="Further_reading" id="Further_reading"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Aitken_Wylie" class="extiw" title="w:James Aitken Wylie">Wylie, James Aitken</a>, <i>History of the Waldenses</i>, (c.1860) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1572581859" class="internal">ISBN 1572581859</a>, <a href="http://www.reformedreader.org/history/wylie/toc.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.reformedreader.org/history/wylie/toc.htm" rel="nofollow">online ebook</a></li><li>Audisio, Gabriel, <i>The Waldensian Dissent: Persecution and Survival, c.1170 - c.1570</i>, (1999) Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521559847" class="internal">ISBN 0521559847</a></li><li>Cameron, Euan, <i>The Waldenses: Rejections of Holy Church in Medieval Europe</i>, (2001) ISBN-10: 0631224971, ISBN-13: 978-0631224976</li><li>Muston, Alexis, <i>The Israel of the Alps : a complete history of the Waldenses and their colonies : prepared in great part from unpublished documents</i>, (1978) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0404161405" class="internal">ISBN 0404161405</a></li><li>Comba, Emilio, <i>History of the Waldenses of Italy, from their origin to the Reformation</i>, (1978) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0404161197" class="internal">ISBN 0404161197</a></li></ul> <p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.chiesavaldese.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.chiesavaldese.org/" rel="nofollow">Chiesa evangelica valdese</a>, Italy</li><li><a href="http://www.iglesiavaldense.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.iglesiavaldense.org/" rel="nofollow">Iglesia Valdense</a>, South America</li><li><a href="http://www.waldenser.de/" class="external text" title="http://www.waldenser.de/" rel="nofollow">Waldenservereinigung</a>, Germany</li><li><a href="http://www.waldensian.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.waldensian.org/" rel="nofollow">American Waldensian Society</a>, North America</li><li><a href="http://www.waldensianpresbyterian.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.waldensianpresbyterian.com/" rel="nofollow">Waldensian Presbyterian Church</a>, Valdese, North Carolina, USA</li><li><a href="http://www.ci.valdese.nc.us/" class="external text" title="http://www.ci.valdese.nc.us/" rel="nofollow">Town of Valdese</a>, North Carolina, USA</li><li><a href="http://www.twoagespilgrims.com/doctrine/?p=744/" class="external text" title="http://www.twoagespilgrims.com/doctrine/?p=744/" rel="nofollow">Waldensians: Medieval Reformers</a>, Waldensian history from a Reformed perspective</li><li><a href="http://www.anabaptistnetwork.com/waldensians" class="external text" title="http://www.anabaptistnetwork.com/waldensians" rel="nofollow">The Waldensians</a>, an Anabaptist perspective on the Waldensians</li><li><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15527b.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15527b.htm" rel="nofollow">The Waldenses: Catholic Encyclopedia</a>, a Roman Catholic point of view from the New Advent Encyclopedia</li><li><a href="http://homepages.rootsweb.com/%7Ewaldense/history.htm" class="external text" title="http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~waldense/history.htm" rel="nofollow">Waldensian History</a>, A Brief Sketch, by Ronald F. Malan, M.A.</li><li><a href="http://www.regard.eu.org/Livres.11/Janavel/" class="external text" title="http://www.regard.eu.org/Livres.11/Janavel/" rel="nofollow">Janavel, Combats, Exil et Pouvoir d'un Grand Capitaine</a>, Biography of Josué Janavel (in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Preprocessor node count: 2089/1000000 Post-expand include size: 15253/2048000 bytes Template argument size: 4352/2048000 bytes Expensive parser function count: 4/500 --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:149317-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20081124202208 --> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians</a>"</div> <div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1170s_establishments" title="Category:1170s establishments">1170s establishments</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Protestantism" title="Category:Protestantism">Protestantism</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Catholicism_in_Italy" title="Category:History of Catholicism in Italy">History of Catholicism in Italy</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Italy" title="Category:Christianity in Italy">Christianity in Italy</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Christian_denominations_founded_in_France" title="Category:Christian denominations founded in France">Christian denominations founded in France</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Christian_movements" title="Category:Christian movements">Christian movements</a></span></div>parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-28426253249577897902008-11-20T22:57:00.001-08:002008-11-20T22:57:56.836-08:00THE SOURCES BEHIND THE TESTIMONY OF TRUTH<h1 align="center"><br /><span style="font-size:+1;"></span> </h1> <hr /> <h6 align="center"><i>by David Ross</i></h6> <h6 align="center"><i>6 April 2008</i></h6> <hr /> <h3><i>Introduction.</i></h3> <p>Earlier I had proposed that the Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 840 should be associated with the fragments of the Traditions of Matthias which Clement of Alexandria quoted. </p> <p>I propose here that more Traditions be added to this corpus; which have here been adduced, more favourably, by the heretical document "Testimony of Truth". </p> <br /><h3><i>The Traditions of the Testimony of Truth.</i></h3> <p>Not all Christian heresiologies argued for orthodox Catholicism. Among the non-Catholic heresiologies was the Testimony of Truth, which came to be translated into Coptic in the ninth Nag Hammadi codex. </p> <p>The Testimony of Truth cites a number of Jesus traditions, e.g. that Jewish law belongs to "the Pharisees and the scribes of the Law", that followers of the Law "will not be able to serve two masters", and that Jesus walked on water. Not all these traditions are of the orthodox canon: e.g. that Mary remained virginal even after giving birth, a tale which derives from the Protevangelium of James. </p> <p>Some traditions which the Testimony cites, and comments upon, do not appear in any known text. One such refers to the baptism of Jesus by John: </p> <blockquote>But the Son of Man came forth from Imperishability, being alien to defilement. He came to the world by the Jordan river, and immediately the Jordan turned back. And John bore witness to the descent of Jesus. For it is he who saw the power which came down upon the Jordan river; for he knew that the dominion of carnal procreation had come to an end. The Jordan river is the power of the body, that is, the senses of pleasures. The water of the Jordan is the desire for sexual intercourse. John is the archon of the womb.</blockquote> <br /><h3><i>The Attitude of the Testimony of Truth.</i></h3> <p>The Testimony does not approve of sexual intercourse. It cites the Protevangelium precisely because it absolves Mary of this sin.</p> <p>Likewise, it does not approve of the "baptism of death". It prefers a "baptism of truth" which is a mental "renunciation of the world". Those of its traditions which bring Jesus close to water consistently portray the former as magnetically repellent to the latter. </p> <p>The Testimony also goes further than the NT in associating the Law of "the Pharisees and the scribes" with defilement. </p><br /><h3><i>The Sources of the Testimony of Truth.</i></h3> <p>Beyond the canon and classic apocrypha, the Testimony is likely referring to other sources now lost. Such traditions as the reversal of the Jordan would be dependent on canon stories like those of John's baptism, and would bear an aversion to water and to Jewish law. </p> <p>We have such a document in Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 840; which is an expansion of (mostly) Matthew, opposed to (a strawman of) Jewish law, bearing a strong sense of encratism and a denial of water purification in particular. </p> <p>The quoted adage "one cannot serve two masters" in the canon referred to Mammon and the Lord. By saying "But he who is father of Mammon is (also) father of sexual intercourse", the Testimony is also close to the quoted Traditions of Matthias: "one cannot serve both pleasure and Lord". </p> <br /><h3><i>Conclusion.</i></h3> <p> I would associate the Traditions of Matthias with Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 840, and also both with the hydrophobic traditions behind the Testimony of Truth. </p> <p>As Marcion had reedited Luke's Gospel as the truer Gospel for his church, it is even possible that the author of the Testimony (whom many scholars believe is Cassian) forged the Gospel of Matthias as the truer Gospel of Matthew. </p> <br /><br /><p>Any thoughts? e-mail me :^) </p> <a href="mailto:zimriel@sbcglobal.net"><address>zimriel@sbcglobal.net</address></a><br /> <h3><i>Other Links</i></h3> <ul><li><a href="http://www.webcom.com/gnosis/naghamm/testruth.html">Testimony of Truth</a> - From the indispensible Nag Hammadi site. </li><li><a href="http://www.gospels.net/translations/poxy840translation.html">Andrew Bernhard's translation</a> of Pap. Oxy 840, recently moved here </li><li><a href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/traditionsmatthias.html">The Traditions of Matthias</a> by Peter Kirby. </li><li><a href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/oxyrhynchus840.html">The Oxyrhynchus 840 Gospel</a> by Peter Kirby. </li><li><a href="http://pages.sbcglobal.net/zimriel/matthias.html">Gospel of Matthias</a>, by me, a long long time ago in an apartment far away. </li><li><a href="http://pages.sbcglobal.net/zimriel/index.html"> Back to The House of Zimri</a> </li></ul> <br /><h3><i>Miscellany</i></h3> <p> </p><p>The first version of this project was written 5-6 April 2008.</p> <br /><hr />parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-25327804958340238932008-11-20T22:52:00.001-08:002008-11-20T22:52:57.069-08:00THE SOURCES BEHIND THE TESTIMONY OF TRUTH<h1 align="center"><br /><span style="font-size:+1;"></span> </h1> <hr /> <h6 align="center"><i>by David Ross</i></h6> <h6 align="center"><i>6 April 2008</i></h6> <hr /> <h3><i>Introduction.</i></h3> <p>Earlier I had proposed that the Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 840 should be associated with the fragments of the Traditions of Matthias which Clement of Alexandria quoted. </p> <p>I propose here that more Traditions be added to this corpus; which have here been adduced, more favourably, by the heretical document "Testimony of Truth". </p> <br /><h3><i>The Traditions of the Testimony of Truth.</i></h3> <p>Not all Christian heresiologies argued for orthodox Catholicism. Among the non-Catholic heresiologies was the Testimony of Truth, which came to be translated into Coptic in the ninth Nag Hammadi codex. </p> <p>The Testimony of Truth cites a number of Jesus traditions, e.g. that Jewish law belongs to "the Pharisees and the scribes of the Law", that followers of the Law "will not be able to serve two masters", and that Jesus walked on water. Not all these traditions are of the orthodox canon: e.g. that Mary remained virginal even after giving birth, a tale which derives from the Protevangelium of James. </p> <p>Some traditions which the Testimony cites, and comments upon, do not appear in any known text. One such refers to the baptism of Jesus by John: </p> <blockquote>But the Son of Man came forth from Imperishability, being alien to defilement. He came to the world by the Jordan river, and immediately the Jordan turned back. And John bore witness to the descent of Jesus. For it is he who saw the power which came down upon the Jordan river; for he knew that the dominion of carnal procreation had come to an end. The Jordan river is the power of the body, that is, the senses of pleasures. The water of the Jordan is the desire for sexual intercourse. John is the archon of the womb.</blockquote> <br /><h3><i>The Attitude of the Testimony of Truth.</i></h3> <p>The Testimony does not approve of sexual intercourse. It cites the Protevangelium precisely because it absolves Mary of this sin.</p> <p>Likewise, it does not approve of the "baptism of death". It prefers a "baptism of truth" which is a mental "renunciation of the world". Those of its traditions which bring Jesus close to water consistently portray the former as magnetically repellent to the latter. </p> <p>The Testimony also goes further than the NT in associating the Law of "the Pharisees and the scribes" with defilement. </p><br /><h3><i>The Sources of the Testimony of Truth.</i></h3> <p>Beyond the canon and classic apocrypha, the Testimony is likely referring to other sources now lost. Such traditions as the reversal of the Jordan would be dependent on canon stories like those of John's baptism, and would bear an aversion to water and to Jewish law. </p> <p>We have such a document in Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 840; which is an expansion of (mostly) Matthew, opposed to (a strawman of) Jewish law, bearing a strong sense of encratism and a denial of water purification in particular. </p> <p>The quoted adage "one cannot serve two masters" in the canon referred to Mammon and the Lord. By saying "But he who is father of Mammon is (also) father of sexual intercourse", the Testimony is also close to the quoted Traditions of Matthias: "one cannot serve both pleasure and Lord". </p> <br /><h3><i>Conclusion.</i></h3> <p> I would associate the Traditions of Matthias with Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 840, and also both with the hydrophobic traditions behind the Testimony of Truth. </p> <p>As Marcion had reedited Luke's Gospel as the truer Gospel for his church, it is even possible that the author of the Testimony (whom many scholars believe is Cassian) forged the Gospel of Matthias as the truer Gospel of Matthew. </p> <br /><br /><p>Any thoughts? e-mail me :^) </p> <a href="mailto:zimriel@sbcglobal.net"><address>zimriel@sbcglobal.net</address></a><br /> <h3><i>Other Links</i></h3> <ul><li><a href="http://www.webcom.com/gnosis/naghamm/testruth.html">Testimony of Truth</a> - From the indispensible Nag Hammadi site. </li><li><a href="http://www.gospels.net/translations/poxy840translation.html">Andrew Bernhard's translation</a> of Pap. Oxy 840, recently moved here </li><li><a href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/traditionsmatthias.html">The Traditions of Matthias</a> by Peter Kirby. </li><li><a href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/oxyrhynchus840.html">The Oxyrhynchus 840 Gospel</a> by Peter Kirby. </li><li><a href="http://pages.sbcglobal.net/zimriel/matthias.html">Gospel of Matthias</a>, by me, a long long time ago in an apartment far away. </li><li><a href="http://pages.sbcglobal.net/zimriel/index.html"> Back to The House of Zimri</a> </li></ul> <br /><h3><i>Miscellany</i></h3> <p> </p><p>The first version of this project was written 5-6 April 2008.</p> <br /><hr /><br /> <h2 align="center"><i>Bibliography</i></h2>parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-13589995473514543782008-11-20T22:50:00.001-08:002008-11-20T22:50:57.261-08:00The Development of the Canon of the New Testament<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" valign="top"><br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="150" align="left"> <table bgcolor="#9999cc" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table bgcolor="#9999cc" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="white"> <a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/writings.shtml"><b>Apocryphal New Testament Writings</b></a><br /><br /> <a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Gospel_of_Thomas.shtml">Gospel of Thomas</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Gospel_of_Truth.shtml">Gospel of Truth</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Gospel_of_the_Twelve.shtml">Gospel of the Twelve</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Gospel_of_Peter.shtml">Gospel of Peter</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Gospel_of_Basilides.shtml">Gospel of Basilides</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Gospel_of_the_Egyptians.shtml">Gospel of the Egyptians</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews.shtml">Gospel of the Hebrews</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Gospel_of_Matthias.shtml">Gospel of Matthias</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Traditions_of_Matthias.shtml">Traditions of Matthias</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Preaching_of_Peter.shtml">Preaching of Peter</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Acts_of_Andrew.shtml">Acts of Andrew</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Acts_of_Paul.shtml">Acts of Paul</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Acts_of_John.shtml">Acts of John</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans.shtml">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/I_Clement.shtml">I Clement</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Epistle_of_Barnabas.shtml">Epistle of Barnabas</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Didache.shtml">Didache</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Shepherd_of_Hermas.shtml">Shepherd of Hermas</a><br /><a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Apocalypse_of_Peter.shtml">Apocalypse of Peter</a><br /> </td> </tr></tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td valign="top"> <p> <a name="Gospel_of_Matthias"></a> </p><h2>Gospel of Matthias <span style="font-size:100%;">(Alexandria, 100-150 CE)</span></h2> <p> Nothing from the <i>Gospel of Matthias</i> survives to us. The book is mentioned by <a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Origen.shtml#Gospels">Origen</a>, <a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Eusebius.shtml#heretical">Eusebius</a>, Ambrose, Jerome, and the Venerable Bede. It also appears in two lists: the 6th century South Gallic list known as the <a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Decretum_Gelasianum.shtml">Decretum Gelasianum</a>, and the 7th-century Byzantine list known as <a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Sixty_Canonical_Books.shtml">The Catalogue of the Sixty Canonical Books</a>. </p><p> The <i>Gospel of Matthias</i> was probably written in the 1st half of the 2nd century in Alexandria, or at any rate in Egypt. It may be the same as the <a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Traditions_of_Matthias.shtml">Traditions of Matthias</a>. For discussion of this controversy see <a href="http://www.ntcanon.org/references.shtml#Schneemelcher">[Schneemelcher]</a> v. 1 p. 385. </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p> </p><hr noshade="noshade"> <span style="font-size:+0;"> Pages created by Glenn Davis, 1997-2008.<br />For addition</span>parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-70288918941169249402008-11-20T22:44:00.001-08:002008-11-20T22:44:54.399-08:00Gospel of Matthias<h1 class="firstHeading">Gospel of Matthias</h1> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#searchInput">search</a></div> <!-- start content --> <p>The <b>Gospel of Matthias</b> is a lost text from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a>, ascribed to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Matthias" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_apostles" title="Twelve apostles" class="mw-redirect">apostle</a> chosen by lots to replace <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a> (Acts 1:15-26). The content has been surmised from various descriptions of it in ancient works by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_fathers" title="Church fathers" class="mw-redirect">church fathers</a> (see below). There is too little evidence to decide whether a <b>Traditions of Matthias</b> is the same work, according to J.B. Matthews, <i>The Anchor Bible Dictionary</i> (IV:644).<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_note-0" title="">[1]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="Historical_references" id="Historical_references"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Matthias&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical references">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Historical references</span></h2> <p>Though the work is lost, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_note-1" title="">[2]</a></sup> records a sentence that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaitanes" title="Nicolaitanes" class="mw-redirect">Nicolaitanes</a> ascribe to Matthias: "we must combat our flesh, set no value upon it, and concede to it nothing that can flatter it, but rather increase the growth of our soul by faith and knowledge". The <i>Gospel of Matthias</i> was mentioned by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" title="Origen of Alexandria" class="mw-redirect">Origen of Alexandria</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_note-2" title="">[3]</a></sup>; by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius" class="mw-redirect">Eusebius</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_note-3" title="">[4]</a></sup>, who attributes it to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretics</a>; by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_note-4" title="">[5]</a></sup>, and in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decretum_Gelasianum" title="Decretum Gelasianum">Decretum Gelasianum</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_note-5" title="">[6]</a></sup> which declares it <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a>. It comes at the end of the list of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Canon" title="Biblical Canon" class="mw-redirect">Biblical Canon</a> in the <i>Codex Baroccianus</i> 206, formerly in the library of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Barozzi" title="Francesco Barozzi">Francesco Barozzi</a> ("Barocius") of Venice.</p> <p>This lost gospel is probably the document whence Clement of Alexandria quoted several passages, saying that they were borrowed from the traditions of Matthias, <i>Paradoseis</i> ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">Paradoxes</a>"), the testimony of which he claimed to have been invoked by the heretics <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinius" title="Valentinius" class="mw-redirect">Valentinus</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcion" title="Marcion" class="mw-redirect">Marcion</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_note-6" title="">[7]</a></sup>. According to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophoumena" title="Philosophoumena" class="mw-redirect">Philosophoumena</a></i>, VII.20, Basilides quoted apocryphal discourses that he attributed to Matthias. These three writings: the Gospel, the Traditions, and the apocryphal Discourses were reckoned as referring to a single work by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Zahn" title="Theodor Zahn">Theodor Zahn</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_note-7" title="">[8]</a></sup>, but <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_note-8" title="">[9]</a></sup> denied this identification.</p> <p><a name="In_popular_culture" id="In_popular_culture"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Matthias&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">In popular culture</span></h2> <p>A copy of the gospel is used in the HBO series <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carniv%C3%A0le" title="Carnivàle">Carnivàle</a></i>, where it describes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology_of_Carniv%C3%A0le#Avatars" title="Mythology of Carnivàle">the show's mythological creatures</a>, the Usher of Destruction and Avatara. The gospel is also the subject of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton_Barnhardt" title="Wilton Barnhardt">Wilton Barnhardt</a>'s 1993 novel, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel:_a_novel" title="Gospel: a novel">Gospel: a novel</a></i>. The novel relates the search for and finding of Matthias' lost work.</p> <p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Matthias&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_ref-0" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/traditionsmatthias.html" class="external text" title="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/traditionsmatthias.html" rel="nofollow">Early Christian writings: <i>Traditions of Matthias</i></a>; needless to say, it is distinct from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>.</li><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_ref-1" title="">^</a></b> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromata" title="Stromata">Stromata</a>,</i> III, 4.</li><li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_ref-2" title="">^</a></b> <i>Homily upon Luke</i>. i.</li><li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_ref-3" title="">^</a></b> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_History_%28Eusebius%29" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Historia Ecclesiae</a></i>, III, 25.</li><li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_ref-4" title="">^</a></b> <i>Preface to Matthew</i></li><li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_ref-5" title="">^</a></b> VI, 8.</li><li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_ref-6" title="">^</a></b> <i>Stromateis</i>, VII.17.</li><li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_ref-7" title="">^</a></b> <i>Geschichte des neuetestamentlichen Kanon</i>, II, 751.</li><li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias#cite_ref-8" title="">^</a></b> <i>Chron. der altchristlichen Litteratur</i>, 597.</li></ol> </div> <p><i>This article incorporates text from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public-domain</a></i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> <i>of 1913.</i></p> <table style="background-color: transparent;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:KellsDecoratedInitial.jpg" class="image" title="KellsDecoratedInitial.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/KellsDecoratedInitial.jpg/40px-KellsDecoratedInitial.jpg" width="40" border="0" height="28" /></a></td> <td><i> This article about a book related to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?stub&title=Gospel_of_Matthias&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?stub&title=Gospel_of_Matthias&action=edit" rel="nofollow">expanding it</a>.</i></td></tr></tbody></table>parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-25185624628058716602008-11-20T22:41:00.001-08:002008-11-20T22:41:43.253-08:00THE GOSPEL OF MATTHIAS<h1 align="center">T<span style="font-size:+1;">HE</span> G<span style="font-size:+1;">OSPEL OF</span> M<span style="font-size:+1;">ATTHIAS</span> </h1> <hr /> <h6 align="center"><i>by David Ross</i></h6> <h6 align="center"><i>22 Mar 1998 - 18 Feb 2001</i></h6> <hr /> <h3><i>Introduction.</i></h3> <p>The Gospel of Matthias was, at one time, almost as popular as the Gospel of Thomas. <a href="http://shell5.ba.best.com/%7Egdavis/ntcanon/origen.htm#Gospels"> Origen</a> (<cite>Homily on Luke 1:1</cite>) and <a href="http://ccel.wheaton.edu/fathers2/NPNF2-01/Npnf2-01-08.htm#P1923_887432"> Eusebius</a> (<cite>Historia Ecclesiastica III.25.6</cite>) viewed Thomas and Matthias as a twin threat, and the great churchmen Jerome (<cite>Praef. in Matth.</cite>), <a href="http://www.best.com/%7Egdavis/ntcanon/lists.htm#Decretum_Gelasianum%20%3Chttp://www.best.com/%7Egdavis/ntcanon/lists.htm"> Pope Gelasius I</a> (<cite>Decree VI, 8</cite>), and (although I haven't found the reference yet) Ambrose still felt the need to debunk Matthias up to the sixth century. The last to list it was the seventh-century <a href="http://www.best.com/%7Egdavis/ntcanon/lists.htm#Sixty_Canonical_Books"> Catalogue of the Sixty Canonical Books</a>. On a more positive note, Clement of Alexandria quoted thrice from a work he called the "Traditions of Matthias". The Gospel of Matthias has understandably not received nearly as much press as has Thomas, however, because Thomas has been found and Matthias is still missing.</p> <p>More accurately, Matthias has not yet been <i>identified</i>. I have noted a number of parallels between Matthias as the Church fathers descibed it, and a gospel fragment long known from excavations last century. The fragment I have in mind is <cite>Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 840</cite>, which British archaeologists discovered in Upper Egypt. 1998 was in fact the centennial of that fragment's publication, so what better time for a new look?</p> <br /><h3><i>Matthias and the Heresiologists.</i></h3> <p>Many orthodox heresiologists took aim at gnostic texts written in Matthias's name; but none tell us more than the text's pseudepigraphical title. It is an open question whether these men had actually read the texts in question.</p> <p>There is one possible exception. According to Hippolytus, anti-pope of Rome (200-235 CE), the Basilideian gnostics in Egypt were asserting that they had secret teachings from Matthias:</p> <blockquote> Basilides, therefore, and Isidorus, the true son and disciple of Basilides, say that Matthias communicated to them secret discourses, which, I being specially instructed, he heard from the Saviour. Let us, then, see how clearly Basilides, simultaneously with Isidorus, and the entire band of these [heretics], not only absolutely belies Matthias, but even the Saviour Himself. </blockquote> <p align="right"><cite>The Refutation of All Heresies Bk VII, Ch. 8</cite></p> <p>If Hippolytus was referring to writings of the Basilideian sect, he did not bother to name them. And if Basilides was claiming that Matthias had written a gospel, Hippolytus completely ignored him. "Belying Matthias" refers to the heretics' misuse of apostolic authority, not to misuse of a text; all quotes from Basilides's material are sparse and buried in paraphrase. They might even refer to the distinct "Gospel of Basilides" which Origen also attacked in <cite>Homily on Luke 1:1</cite>. Hippolytus believed, and was trying to prove, that their writings all derived from Aristotle anyway.</p> <p>Irenaeus had opposed the same sect 182-188 CE. Irenaeus does not tell of a Matthian book; in fact, he may be implying that the sect had not even heard of Matthias. The gnostics claimed that the Twelfth Aeon had left the Pleroma just as Judas had left the Twelve Apostles. But since Luke's Acts tells that Judas was replaced by Matthias, reasoned Irenaeus, this analogy must fail (<cite>Adv. Haer. Bk II, Ch. 10</cite>).</p> <p>I would conclude that it is possible that the "secret discourses of Matthias" known to Hippolytus may be equivalent to the <cite>Traditions of Matthias</cite> known to Clement. But they might also be metaphysical rantings along the lines of the Johannine literature or the Nag Hammadi texts. The heresiologists don't give us enough data.</p> <br /><h3><i>Traditions and Gospel.</i></h3> <p>The first (and only) true witness to the text of a book then entitled <cite>The Traditions of Matthias</cite> is Clement of Alexandria, writing <em>circa</em> 210 CE.</p> <blockquote> The beginning thereof [sc. of the knowledge of the truth] is to wonder at things, as Plato says in the <cite>Theaetetus</cite> and Matthias in the <cite>Traditions</cite> when he warns '<q>Wonder at what is present</q>' establishing this as the first step to the knowledge of things beyond. </blockquote> <p align="right"><cite>Stromateis II 9.45.4</cite></p> <blockquote> For in obedience to the Savior's command ...<q>[a man has] no wish to serve two masters, pleasure and Lord</q>. It is believed that Matthias also taught this, that <q>we must fight against the flesh and treat it with contempt, never yielding to it for pleasure's sake, but must nourish the soul through faith and knowledge.</q> </blockquote> <p align="right"><cite>Stromateis III 4.26.3, II 208.7-9</cite></p> <p>(The above was quoted word-for-word by <a href="http://ccel.wheaton.edu/fathers2/NPNF2-01/Npnf2-01-08.htm#P2019_949807">Eusebius</a>, <cite>Historia Ecclesiastica III.29.4</cite>.)</p> <blockquote> They say that Matthias the apostle in the <cite>Traditions</cite> explains at every turn: '<q>If the neighbor of one of the chosen sin, then has the elect sinned; for if he had so conducted himself as the Word commends, the neighbor would have had such awe at his way of life that he would not have fallen into sin</q>'. </blockquote> <p align="right"><cite>Stromateis VII 13.82.1</cite></p> <p>The <cite>Traditions</cite> exist in only three small fragments, and those in quotation, perhaps even paraphrase. Can the sources and ideals of this book be extracted from these fragments? Can it even be considered a gospel?</p> <p>I will have to start with a brief discussion of the Two-Source Hypothesis, namely, that the Gospels of Luke and Matthew are (1) dependent on the Gospel According to Mark and (2) dependent on other shared sources, as yet undiscovered. (1) is now commonly accepted; however, (2) is still subject to nit-picking. Some parts of the so-called "Synoptic Sayings Source" (also called Q) agree so well in grammar and vocabulary that scholars posit a single, coherent document. This project will assume the minimum: that Q material is a stratum of the Jesus sayings tradition which predates Luke and Matthew.</p> <p>This project also assumes that the Gospel of Thomas is independent of the Gospels of Luke and Matthew. It follows that parallels between Q and Thomas may represent either (1) the correct wording of Q or (2) a stratum earlier than Q.</p> <p>"A man/servant has no wish to serve two masters" appears in the Gospels of Luke, Matthew, and Thomas; but not Mark. It is certainly a quote from the earliest years of the oral tradition. But in Thomas and Luke, it reads "servant" instead of "man"; it probably read "servant" in the oral tradition and/or Q. Matthew edited out the "servant".</p> <p>A tentative conclusion: The author of the <cite>Traditions</cite> was familiar with the sayings recorded in the Gospel of Matthew, and used them from memory to contruct his own quotes.</p> <p>"<q>Wonder at what is present</q>" as a "beginning" and a "first step" is a concept found in Thomas 2 (and possibly Paul's opponents in 1 Cor 4:8):</p> <blockquote> Let him who seeks continue seeking until he finds.<br />When he finds, he will become astonished.<br />When he becomes astonished, he will become king.<br />And when he has become king, he will find rest.<br /></blockquote> <p>The last of Clement's quotes does not appear in any known gospel, although the language is reminiscent of Jesus's: "that which you do to the least of your brethren, so do you it to me" and "do unto others as you would have done unto you".</p> <p>What is seen here is a reworking of traditional gospel materials into the service of strict, abstinential ideals. More: the <cite>Traditions</cite> explicitly claimed that these gospel sayings of Jesus came from the "Saviour", and in Clement's day this book claimed to be from the apostle Matthias. Since this is a book which claimed apostolic authority for a tradition of Jesus's sayings, I conclude that it must be compared with other Gospels; canonical or otherwise. The <cite>Traditions</cite> is the Gospel of Matthias.</p> <br /><h3><i>The Text of <cite>Pap. Oxy. 840</cite>.</i></h3> <table width="100%" border="1" bordercolor="#aa0000" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="4"> <tbody><tr> <th> <lh><em>verso</em> </lh></th> <th> <lh><em>recto</em> </lh></th> </tr> <tr valign="top"><td> <span style="font-size:-1;"> (01) "[. . .] earlier, before doing wrong, he slyly reasons everything out,<br />(02) but be careful that you do not also somehow<br />(03) suffer the same things as them. For not<br />(04) only among the living do<br />(05) the evil-doers of humanity receive retribution, but [a]lso<br />(06) they will undergo punishment and mu[c]h <br />(07) torture." And taking them along,<br />(08) he went into the place of purification itself and<br />(09) wandered about in the temple. And c[o]ming toward them,<br />(10) a certain high priest of the Pharisees - Le[vi (?)]<br />(11) was his name - joined them and s[aid]<br />(12) to the savior, "Who permitted you to tram[ple]<br />(13) this place of purification and to see [the]se <br />(14) holy vessels, although you have not ba[th]e[d] n[o]r<br />(15) have the f[eet] of your disciples<br />(16) been [wa]shed? But after having def[iled] it,<br />(17) you trample this a[rea] of the temple which<br />(18) [i]s clean, which nobody e[lse except for]<br />(19) a person who has bathed and chan[ged his]<br />(20) [clot]hes tramples on. Nor does he dare to lo[ok upon these]<br />(21) holy vessels." And s[tanding nearby, the savior]<br />(22) wit[h his] disciple[s replied], </span> </td><td><span style="font-size:-1;"> (23) "Then, being here in the temple, are you<br />(24) clean?" He said to him, "I am clean.<br />(25) For I bathed in the pool of David and<br />(26) after going down by one set of stairs, by another<br />(27) I came back [u]p. And I put on white clothes<br />(28) and they were clean and then I came<br />(29) and looked upon these holy<br />(30) vessels." Re[ply]ing to him, the savior<br />(31) said, "Woe to blind people who do not <br />(32) s[e]e! You bathed in those gushing<br />(33) w[a]ter[s] in which dogs and pigs have been<br />(34) ca[st] night and day. And wash[i]ng yourselves,<br />(35) you scrubbed the outer layer of skin which<br />(36) also prostitutes and th[e] flute-girls<br />(37) ano[int a]nd bathe and scrub<br />(38) [and p]ut make up on to become the desi[re]<br />(39) of [t]he men. But from within th[ey]<br />(40) [are fill]ed with scorpions and<br />(41) [all unr]ighteousness. But I and<br />(42) [my disciples], whom you say have not<br />(43) wa[shed], we [have wa]shed in waters of li[fe]<br />(44) [eternal co]ming from [the]<br />(45) [God of heaven. B]ut woe to [th]ose [. . .] </span></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p align="right">transl. <cite>Andrew Bernhard</cite></p> <p>The text above is quoted because it is a line-by-line rendition of the base text. (And because I received written permission for it.) I defer to the freer Jesus Seminar text, with their chapter-verse notation (see <cite>The Complete Gospels</cite>). Their "chapter 2" starts at line 7, at "And taking them along".</p> <p>The fragment is very concerned with the "evils" of the world. Chapter 2 is a long discussion on what constitutes true uncleanness. Pharisees are compared with prostitutes, who bathe outwardly yet are sinful inside; earthly water is contaminated by "<q>dogs and pigs</q>". As a corollary, the fragment is no friend of the world's oldest profession. In the canonical gospels plus Thomas, Jesus never attacks prostitutes. In fact, he dines with sinners and tax collectors. Here, it is taken for granted that whores are the worst type of scum.</p> <p>The Saviour of the fragment is unnamed, but the Jesus Seminar, among others, identify Him with Jesus the Christ. The fragment is so reminiscent of other Gospel parables and controversy stories that it almost forces this interpretation.</p> <p>1:1 forms the conclusion to a parable, and 1:2 implies that someone in that parable suffered a bad end, presumably an earlier protagonist who did <i>not</i> plan ahead. What parable it was, cannot be established as yet, but the topic is obvious. It was a parable of preparation, like Thomas 98: "<q>The Kingdom of the Father is like a person who wanted to kill someone powerful</q>".</p> <p>1:3 adds a moral to the parable which is alien to the thought of the parable. 1:1 and the witness 1:2 do not condemn criminality, but a lack of planning. The fragment is performing midrash upon a hard saying. This was a common feature of the early Church: witness the Dishonest Manager (Luke 16:1-8a), with "the children of this world exhibit better sense in dealing with their own kind than do the children of light" (8b) and "make use of your ill-gotten gains to make friends for yourselves" (9).</p> <p>Chapter 2 is a conflict story as one finds in all the canonical gospels. Verses 2:7-10 show the author's hand at work.</p> <table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" height="4"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50%"><cite>Pap. Oxy. 840</cite></th> <th width="50%">Gospel</th> </tr> <tr> <td><cite>2:</cite><sup>7</sup> Damn <> blind (<span style="font-family:symbol;">Ouai tufloi</span>) who won't see!</td> <td><cite>Mt 23:</cite> <sup>25a</sup> Damn you... Pharisees (<span style="font-family:symbol;">Ouai... Farisaioi</span>)<br /><sup>26a</sup> You blind Pharisee (<span style="font-family:symbol;">Farisaie tufle</span>)...</td> </tr> <tr> <td> You bathe in these stagnant waters where <span style="font-family:symbol;">kuneV kai coiroi</span> wallow day and night.</td> <td><cite>Mt 7:</cite> <sup>6a</sup> Don't offer to dogs what is sacred, and don't throw your pearls to pigs.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><sup>8a</sup> And washing the outer (<span style="font-family:symbol;">niyamenoV to ektoV</span>) skin you scrape <> (<span style="font-family:symbol;">esmhxw</span>) </td> <td><cite>Mt 23:</cite> <sup>25b</sup> You clean the outside (<span style="font-family:symbol;">kaqarizete to exwqen</span>) of cups and plates<br /> <sup>26c</sup> that you might make also the outside (<span style="font-family:symbol;">to ektoV</span>) of it clean </td> </tr> <tr> <td><sup>8c</sup> but inwardly (<span style="font-family:symbol;">endoqen de</span>) they are filled (<span style="font-family:symbol;">[pepl]hrw<>tai</span>) by scorpions and all kinds of corruption.</td> <td><cite>Mt 23:</cite> <sup>25c</sup> but inside (<span style="font-family:symbol;">eswqen de</span>) they are full (<span style="font-family:symbol;">gemousin</span>) from greed and dissipation.<br /> <sup>26b</sup> ... clean first the inside (<span style="font-family:symbol;">to entoV</span>) of cups </td> </tr> <tr> <td><sup>9</sup> But my disciples and I - you say we are unbathed - have bathed in waters of life (<span style="font-family:symbol;">en udasi zw[hV]</span>)... [c]oming down from ...</td> <td><cite>Jn 4:</cite> <sup>10</sup> Jesus answered her, "If you knew what God can give you, and who just said to you, 'give me a drink," you would ask him and he would give you water of life (<span style="font-family:symbol;">udwr zwhV</span>)."<br /><sup>13</sup> Jesus responded to her, "Whoever drinks this water will get thirsty again;<br /><sup>14</sup> "But all who drink the water I'll provide them with will never get thirsty again"</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Here I am indebted to <cite>The Complete Gospels</cite>, again, for listing the thematic parallels in 2:7 and 2:8; the Greek words come from a partial text quoted in Kloppenborg p. 109.</p> <p>The fragment's connection of dogs and pigs is paralleled in Matt 7:6 and Thom 93. There is no adjudicating between the two, as the parallel is in vocabulary only. The rest of 2:7-8 parallels passages found in Matthew, Luke, and Thomas. Its genesis may be in any one of those sources, it may be in Q, or it may even be a development independent from them all.</p> <p>I would eliminate Luke. For the saying about washing the cups, Luke 11:39-41 has "inside <i>you</i> are full of greed" instead of "they"; why would <cite>Pap. Oxy. 840</cite> have blunted Luke's more direct attack? (As a corollary, the fragment and Matthew are reflecting Q here; Matthew would not have softened this saying either.) The fragment also diverges from Luke 11:39-41's vocabulary. The fragment has Matthew 23:26's <span style="font-family:symbol;">to ektoV</span>; and even a harmony between 23:25's <span style="font-family:symbol;">eswqen</span> and 23:26's <span style="font-family:symbol;">to entoV</span>: <span style="font-family:symbol;">endoqen</span>. Instead, Luke 11:40 has "did not He who made the outside (<span style="font-family:symbol;">exwqen</span>) make the inside (<span style="font-family:symbol;">eswqen</span>) also?", using the same words as Luke 11:39 == Matt 23:25.</p> <p>Is the fragment's apparent use of Matt 23:25-26 really an independent echo of a prior tradition? Taking this to a real independent witness, Thomas 89:2 agrees with Luke 11:40 against Matt 23:26, and lacks the polemic against Pharisees found in Luke and Matthew. This suggests that the fragment is not dependent on Thomas, and that Thomas may be even closer to the original saying than Q. Looking at it another way, Luke 11:40 is more faithful to the oral tradition than is Matthew 23:26; the middleman, Q, probably contained a variant of Luke 11:40 as well.</p> <p>Moreover, Matthew 23:25a's "you ... Pharisees, ... woe to you" must stem from Matthew, not Q; Luke would not have edited out a negative beatitude (<i>c.f.</i> Luke 6:24-25). Also unique to Matthew here is "you blind Pharisee" (Matt 23:26a). The beginning of verse 2:7 in the fragment reads, "woe to the blind that won't see": in the context, this refers to a Pharisee and even uses the word <span style="font-family:symbol;">tufloV</span>, which does not appear in Luke 11:40 nor Thomas 89.</p> <p>It is still possible that Matthew 23:25-26 was cited in that form before Matthew incorporated it, albeit unknown to Luke and Thomas. However, POxy 840 and Matthew 23:25-26 also share the narrative setting. The fragment's "chapter 2" kicks off when Jesus enters the temple precinct. In Matthew, Jesus enters the temple area in 21:23 and stays there until he explicitly leaves in 24:1. Compare with Thomas 89, which has no context, and Luke 11:37-53, set in some Pharisee's house in an unspecified location (remember, he will not enter Jerusalem until Luke 19:41). POxy 840 and Matthew are not borrowing from a shared oral tradition here, even a secondary one. POxy 840 read Matthew 23:25-26 within the context of 21:23-24:1. </p> <p>This fragment betrays an additional relationship to terminology also seen in the Gospel of John. "Water of life" is a word-play on running water and eternal life, which in Christianity first appears in this Johannine discourse. These word-plays are not the style of the rest of the fragment, but they are the style of John (for example, John 3:3's "born <span style="font-family:symbol;">anwqen</span>: from above / again"). The Pharisees and leading priests are also typically Johannine opponents, as opposed to the Synoptic Gospels' Sadducees and lawyers (<span face="symbol">nomikoi</span>). That <cite>Pap. Oxy. 840</cite> thought highly of John 4 is shown by his title for Jesus as "Saviour" (2:2, 4, 7; note Jn 4:42).</p> <p>Also, as the Jesus Seminar pointed out, the fragment does not know details of the Temple, nor indeed of Judaism. It uses the term <em>hagneuterion</em> ("purification") for the inner sanctum and its target is a Pharisaic leading priest (!). The polemic against ritual washing is culled second-hand from John 11:55, and the feet as the minimum requirement for purity from John 13:10: "<q>people who have bathed need only wash their feet</q>". The fragment is parroting the anti-Semitic mistakes of previous Gospels, more specifically, of John.</p> <p>I would conclude that the fragment is a Gospel fragment, and that this Gospel is dependent on the prior Gospels of John and Matthew at least. No other source is discernible.</p> <br /><h3><i>The Common Ground.</i></h3> <p>So in both <cite>The Traditions</cite> cited by Clement, and <cite>Pap. Oxy. 840</cite>, the authors rework sayings taken from earlier, accepted Gospels (particularly Matthew) into another Gospel in order to prove their common point. That point is that the world is evil and sinful, particularly the pleasures of the flesh. In each case the dependence is not literal, but from memory; and both texts were extant in Egypt before the third century.</p> <p>I propose firstly that <cite>Pap. Oxy. 840</cite> be tentatively identified with the <cite>Traditions of Matthias</cite>, and secondly that both be removed from the scholarly canon. This Gospel is more on the level of Nicodemus than of Thomas.</p> <p>It should be asked here, of what use is an apocryphal gospel which willfully distorts the words of earlier, more authentic, <i>canonical</i> gospels? When I started this project, I didn't think that this fragment was of any use at all. At worst, it is an ignorant distortion of the teachings of Jesus, which if granted canonical status would skew Christianity back into anti-Semitism and a self-loving denial of God's creation. But canonization is not the issue anymore. On the contrary, it is a witness to the text and influence of John and Matthew among ascetics. One could argue that this <i>bolsters</i> the canon. </p> <br /><br /><p>Any thoughts? e-mail me :^) </p> <a href="mailto:zimriel@sbcglobal.net"><address>zimriel@sbcglobal.net</address></a><br /> <h3><i>Other Links</i></h3> <ul><li><a href="http://www.epix.net/%7Emiser17/Thomas.html">Gospel of Thomas</a> - <b>The</b> homepage for Thomas studies. Nothing else even compares. </li><li><a href="http://www.gospels.net/translations/poxy840translation.html">Andrew Bernhard's translation</a> of Pap. Oxy 840, recently moved here </li><li><a href="http://utenti.tripod.it/NUOVAENCICLOPEDIA/Religione/indice_religione.htm">Nuova Enciclopedia Italiana</a>. Frank Powerful's site. Includes a translation of this project into Italian(!). </li><li><a href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/traditionsmatthias.html">The Traditions of Matthias</a> by Peter Kirby. </li><li><a href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/oxyrhynchus840.html">The Oxyrhynchus 840 Gospel</a> by Peter Kirby. </li><li>Hippolytus, <a href="http://home.sol.no/%7Enoetic/refutbk7.txt">Refutation of All Heresies</a> formerly <cite>Philosophoumena</cite>. Book 7. </li><li>Irenaeus, <a href="http://ccel.wheaton.edu/fathers/ANF-01/iren/iren2.html">Against Heresies</a>. Book 2. </li><li><a href="http://pages.sbcglobal.net/zimriel/matthias2.html">The Sources behind the Traditions of Matthias</a>. The sequel. </li><li><a href="http://pages.sbcglobal.net/zimriel/index.html"> Back to The House of Zimri</a> </li></ul> <br /><h3><i>Miscellany</i></h3> <p>6 April 2008: Redid some links.</p> <p>24 December 1999: Art Kilner wrote me and mentioned that POxy840 2 and Matthew 23 share setting. 18 Feb 2001: nothing new has been added; but we will soon have an Italian translation (thanks Frank Powerful!), and Andrew Bernhard changed his site address. </p> <p>21 August: I fixed a spelling error, and emphasized that POxy 840 and Matthias used Matthew and John more probably from memory than from hardcopy. I'd like to thank Dr Werner Kelber of Rice University for reminding me of that distinction (and, belatedly, for encouraging me when I started the first of these projects). </p> <p>30 April: I had to redo some of the links. The conference is long-gone and Andrew moved his site (not far, though).</p> <p>19 October: I found a Greek transliteration of <cite>POxy 840</cite> 2:7-9; this adds more weight to my idea that Matthias used Matthew. 31 October: I explained why Traditions == Gospel in this case.</p> <p>6 October: I needed to clean up my reasoning behind why I think the fragment was dependent upon Matthew. More importantly, I realized I'd made a mistake in assuming Irenaeus wrote <cite>Against All Heresies</cite>. Irenaeus <i>did</i> write against Basilides, so that section needed to be expanded. And I tracked down the various mentions of the Gospel of Matthias by Eusebius and Origen, and leads for Jerome and Ambrose. Thank God for the Internet!</p> <p>31 July: I made some major changes. Irenaeus actually wrote <i>before</i> Clement. Thanks to Andrew Bernhard, for pointing that out. (Dammit, I <i>knew</i> that. I was just sloppy.) Also BIG thanks are due him for graciously giving me permission to stea- erm, borrow his translation. He requested only that I put in the line numbers; I had tried to do this earlier with HTML's "ordered list" tag, but that clearly didn't work. Anyway, I went one better; I have replaced his earlier effort with his updated version (complete with brackets! YAY!). I also added a short explanation of my assumptions concerning "Q" and Thomas. I missed the BA Oxyrhynchus Symposium on 15-18 July (drat).</p> <p>The first version of this project was written 22-28 March.</p> <br /><hr /><br /> <h2 align="center"><i>Bibliography</i></h2> <ul><li>Kloppenborg, John S. <cite>Q Parallels</cite>. Polebridge Press, 1988. San Francisco. </li><li>Miller, Robert J. <i>ed.</i> <cite>The Complete Gospels</cite>. Polebridge Press, 1994. San Francisco. </li></ul>parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3689766540819222029.post-55283307547965158772008-11-20T22:35:00.000-08:002008-11-20T22:36:59.735-08:00Manichaean Writings<h2 align="center">Manichaean Writings</h2> <h6 align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);"><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/welcome.html">Archive</a> | <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library.html">Library</a> | <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/bookstore1.htm" target="_blank">Bookstore</a> | <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/search_form.html">Index</a> | <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/lectures.html">Web Lectures</a> | <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/eghome.htm">Ecclesia Gnostica</a> | <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/gnostsoc/gnostsoc.htm">Gnostic Society</a></span></span></h6> <p> </p> <blockquote> <h3>Archive Notes</h3> <p>As classical Gnosticism was waning, another Gnostic movement developed under the inspiration of the Prophet Mani. The Manichaean movement became a true world religion, spreading to Europe, Central Asia and China; it survived as a living religion in the Orient up until the present century. Though once anathematized and little understood, the discovery of several ancient documents during the last century, including large collections of Manichaean texts in Central Asia, has stimulated a new study and understanding of one of Gnosticism's most important living representatives. </p> <p>Also available here is an archived lecture from <strong>The Gnostic Society</strong> introducing the Manichaean materials: <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/971212.ram">Mani: Helmsman of the Ship of Light</a>. (This lecture is in <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/lectures.html#Configure">RealAudio format</a> and runs about 70 minutes.)</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p> </p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>The Manichaean Prayerbooks</strong></span> </strong></p> <p> The Psalms of the Festival of Bema (<em>The Mercy Seat</em>) </p> <div align="left"><table width="251" align="right" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td><h6 align="center"><img src="http://www.gnosis.org/images/manitxt.gif" alt="Illustrated Manichaean hymn manuscript (11th century)" vspace="10" width="250" align="top" height="392" hspace="10" /><br /> <span style="font-family:Arial;">Page from an illustrated Manichaean hymn manuscript, found in Central Asia and probably dating to the eleventh century.</span></h6> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div><ul><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/bc23.htm">Psalm CCXXIII.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/bc28.htm">Psalm CCXXVIII.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/bc30.htm">Psalm CCXXX. </a></li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/bc35.htm">Psalm CCXXXV.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/bc37.htm">Psalm CCXXXVII.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/bc39.htm">Pslam CCXXXIX.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/bc40.htm">Psalm CCXL.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/bc41.htm">Psalm CXLI.</a> </li></ul> <p> The Psalms to Jesus </p><ul><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/psaj1.htm">Psalm I.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/psaj2.htm">Psalm II.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/psaj5.htm">Psalm V.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/psaj7.htm">Psalm VII.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/psaj10.htm">Psalm X.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/psaj11.htm">Psalm XI.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/psaj21.htm">Psalm XXI.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/psaj30.htm">Psalm XXX.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/psaj31.htm">Psalm XXXI.</a> </li></ul> <p> Separate Psalms </p><ul><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/taste.htm">Taste and Know that the Lord is Sweet</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/put.htm">Put in Me a Holy Heart, My God.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/light.htm">Light Your Lamps.</a> </li></ul> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>The Kephalia of the Lord Mani</strong></span> </p><ul><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/keph.htm">Excerpt from the Kephalia: The Three Blows Struck at the Enemy on Account of The Light.</a> </li></ul> <p> </p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Parthian Hymns and Prayers</span></strong> </p><ul><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/3messarch.htm">The Hymn on the Third Messenger and the Archons</a>. </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymnfa.htm">Hymn to the Father of Greatness.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymncapt.htm">The Hymn about the Captivity of Light.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/invjesus.htm">Invocation of Jesus the Splendor.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymn2c.htm">Hymn on the Second Coming of Jesus.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymnfs.htm">Hymn on the Fate of the Living Soul.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymnexh.htm">Hymn Exhorting the Soul to Remembrance </a></li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymntlivs.htm">Hymn to the Living Soul .</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymn3mess.htm">Hymn to the Third Messenger.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymnmani.htm">Hymn in Praise of Mani.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymncm.htm">Commemorative Hymn for Mar Zaku. </a></li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/homeuch.htm">Homily on the Correct Preparations for the Sacred Meal. </a></li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/invocang.htm">Invocation of the Angels. </a></li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/invocbar.htm">The Invocation of Bar Simus. </a></li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/invocgod.htm">Invocation of the Gods in the Moon.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/confpr.htm">A Confessional Prayer for the Elect.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymnend.htm">The Hymn on the End of the World.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymnbody.htm">The Hymn on Body-and-Soul.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/funerh.htm">The Funerary Hymn.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymnssoul.htm">Hymns to the Soul.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymndom.htm">Hymn in Honor of the Dominions of Light.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/parthhymn.htm">Untitled Parthian Hymn.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/crucihymn.htm">The Crucifixion Hymn.</a> </li></ul> <p> </p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Hymns and Writings Ascribed to Mani</span></strong> </p><ul><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/praislesser.htm">The Praise of the Lesser Ones.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/praisegreater.htm">The Praise of the Greater Ones.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/wwf.htm">We Would Fulfil: Mani's Hymn to Jesus, the King.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/praisejesus.htm">The Praise of Jesus the Life-giver.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/unps.htm">Untitled Psalm fragment.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/livgosp.htm">The Opening Words of the Living Gospel. </a></li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/epistmar.html">Apocryphal letter to Màr Ammo ascribed to Mani. </a></li></ul> <p> </p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Parables</span></strong></p><ul><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/parabaud.htm">Parable about the Auditors.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/parafarm.htm">Parable about the Farmer.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/parapear.htm">Parable of the Pearl Borer.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/paramonk.htm">The Parable of the Monk and the Girl.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/parsnak.htm">Parable about the Two Snakes.</a> </li></ul> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>Miscellaneous Manichaean Scriptures</strong></span> </p><ul><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/manithomas.htm">The Psalms of Thomas</a> (a collection of 12 psalms)</li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/Mani.html">A Manichaean Psalm</a>: A summary of the Manichaean creation myth</li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/primal.htm">Primal Man, a Manichaean fragment.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/kins.htm">Come to Me, My Kinsman, the Light, My Guide. A Manichaean Prayer.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/deficien.htm">The End of the Deficiency. A Manichaean eschatological hymn.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/joy.htm">Joy Came Over Me. A Manichaean fragment.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/salvat.htm">Salvation of the Soul. A Turkish Manichaean fragment.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/fund.htm">Excerpt from the Fundamental Epistle of Mani.</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/oso.htm">O Soul, a Manichaean fragment.</a></li></ul> <p> </p> <hr /> <p><br /> <span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>Secondary Sources: Anti-Manichaean Writings of Augustine</strong></span> </p><ul><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/democ.htm">De Moribus Ecclesiae Catholicae</a><br /> (On the Morals of the Catholic Church)</li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/demom.htm">De Moribus Manichaerorum</a><br /> (On the Morals of the Manichaeans)</li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/dedua.htm">De Duabus Animabus Contra Manichaeos</a><br /> (Concerning Two Souls: Against the Manichaeans) </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/dispf.htm">Disputatio Contra Fortunatum Manichaeum</a><br /> (Disputations Against Fortunatus, the Manichaean)</li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/contfe.htm">Contra Epistolam Fundamenti Manichaei</a><br /> (Against the Fundamental Epistle of Mani)</li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/contf1.htm">Contra Faustum Manichaeum Books, I - XV</a><br /> (Against Faustus, the Manichaean)<br /> <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/contf2.htm">Contra Faustum Manichaeum Books, XVI-XXII</a><br /> <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/contf3.htm">Contra Faustum Manichaeum Books, XXIII-XXXIII</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/boni.htm">De Natura Boni, Contra Manichaeos</a><br /> (Concerning the Nature of Good: Against the Manichaeans)<br /> </li></ul> </blockquote> <p align="center"> </p> <h6 align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);"><a href="http://www.gnosis.org/welcome.html">Archive</a> | <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/library.html">Library</a> | <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/bookstore1.htm" target="_blank">Bookstore</a> | <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/search_form.html">Index</a> | <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/lectures.html">Web Lectures</a> | <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/eghome.htm">Ecclesia Gnostica</a> | <a href="http://www.gnosis.org/gnostsoc/gnostsoc.htm">Gnostic Society</a></span></span></h6>parfaithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04126658544138058966noreply@blogger.com0